The CWRC Ontology Specification 0.99.85

A name constructed with the intent to abuse, satirize, or slander. For example, Constance Gore-Booth was known in the press by the nickname of "Red Countess" and this nickname had negative connotations.

An additional name, "such as a nickname, epithet, or alias." This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema for the addName element. See TEI element addName (additional name) .

A mailing or street address.

A name under which a writer wrote or published.

An award is something given to a person, a group of people, like a sports team, or an organization in recognition of their excellence in a certain field. An award may be accompanied by a trophy, title, certificate, commemorative plaque, medal, badge, pin, or ribbon. The accompanying item may vary according to purpose.

An event related to an biography context.

Biography Context is a major subclass of context. Annotations typed as Biography Context provide information about and discussions of a person's biography or personal history, through the use of biographical properties and relationships and through subclasses of Biographical Context such as birth context, cultural form context, or occupation context.

A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as birth context provide information about and discussions of a person's birth. See About: Birth.

An event related to an birth context.

Indicates the birth position of a foaf:person, that is, whether they are the eldest, youngest, or only child in their family. Birth position claims can be made in relation to biological, adopted, or step siblings, and there is not systematic handling of deceased siblings that might affect one's understanding of birth order.

Indicates the name a person was assigned at birth.

"A boarding school provides education for pupils who live on the premises, as opposed to a day school. The word "boarding” is used in the sense of "room and board" i.e., lodging and meals. As they have existed for many centuries, and now extend across many countries, their function and ethos varies greatly." (DBpedia, 2018)

An event associated with British women writers, including the creation, publication and reception of their works, as well as the material conditions and other aspects of their lives.

A bursary is a monetary award made by an institution to individuals or groups of people who cannot afford to pay full fees. In return for the bursary the individual is usually obligated to be employed at the institution for the duration as the bursary.

Indicates the degree of certainty associated with some aspect of an assertion, description, identification, or value within a dataset. Equivalent to the "teidata.certainty" range of values of the Text Encoding Initiative.

A change set represents changes or additions made to the ontology by ontology editors or through users where instances were affected. Change sets will also be used to translate and contain Orlando recordInfo instances.

"Mixed-sex education, also known as mixed-gender education, co-education or coeducation (abbreviated to co-ed or coed), is a system of education where males and females are educated together. Whereas single-sex education was more common up to the 19th century, mixed-sex education has since become standard in many cultures, particularly in Western countries. Single-sex education, however, remains prevalent in many Muslim countries. The relative merits of both systems have been the subject of debate." (DBpedia, 2018)

"A comprehensive school is a secondary school or middle school that is a state school and does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to England and Wales, where comprehensive schools were introduced on an experimental basis in the 1940s and became more widespread from 1965. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools. They correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule." (DBpedia, 2018)

The Context class provides the discursive context for assertions in the ontology. Where the assertions have been generated from a source text, Context provides the text, or the relevant snippet of a longer text, from which they have been extracted.

Academic or educational qualification, such as a certificate or degree, awarded by an educational institution.

A name deliberately obscured, as in an anagram. Cryptic names have lexical meaning such as "The Scotch Milkmaid,""A Housewife," or "A Placid Reader."

The Cultural Form class of properties associates specific concepts and categories with the process of identity formation through cultural processes. Such associations may be or have been embraced by the subject herself or himself or attributed by others. Although cultural forms or social identities circulate around the notion of characteristics, traditions, beliefs, or origins that are shared with others, recent work has stressed the contingency, provisionality, and constructedness of such categories through both complex discourses and social practices. As argued by Stuart Hall, "It seems to be in the attempt to rearticulate the relationship between subjects and discursive practices that the question of identity recurs" ("Introduction"). See Stuart Hall and Paul du Goy's edited collection Questions of Cultural Identity (Paul du Goy and Stuart Hall, 1996). Given their highly discursive nature, the concepts and categories classed as cultural forms are understood to overlap with each other conceptually. The same word or label can therefore occur as multiple cultural forms, reflecting the shifting discursive contexts in which it has been used and the diverse situations from which it has emerged. Each specific Cultural Form is understood to interact not only with other cultural forms or identity categories applied to a person, and other instances of the form applied to other people, but also always with Cultural Formation Context annotations, which support the understanding that social identities are always constructions in progress.

Cultural Form Context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Cultural Form Context provide information about and discussions of a person's social identity or subjectivity through the use of cultural form properties, which when multiple often indicate intersectional identities.

An event related to an cultural form context.

"A dame school was an early form of a private elementary school in English-speaking countries. They were usually taught by women and were often located in the home of the teacher." (DBpedia, 2018)

"A day school—as opposed to a boarding school—is an institution where children (or high-school age adolescents) are given educational instruction during the day, after which the students return to their homes. The term can also be used to emphasize the length of full-day programs as opposed to after-school programs, as in Jewish day school." (DBpedia, 2018)

A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as death context provide information about and discussions of a person's death. See About: Death.

An event related to an death context.

Indicates a low level of significance appropriate to a detailed understanding of a decade.

An educational award indicating that a person has achieved honours or distinction in their studies.

Context for education that takes place at home. For example, of a woman writer in the Victorian period taught by her brother or a governess.

An event related to an domestic education context.

A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Economic Context provide information about and discussions of a person's economic standing, including inheritance, property ownership, pensions, and personal financial disasters. See also the occupation context and cultural form context, particularly for social class context.

An event related to an economic context.

Education Context is a significant subclass of context. It has subclasses for domestic education context, institutional education context, and self taught education context. Annotations typed as Education Context or a subclass provide information about and discussions of a person's education, whether formal or informal.

An event related to an education context.

An award, financial, material, or immaterial, associated with a person's education at any level.

An organization such as a school that provides education, usually although not always as its primary function. "A school is an institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students (or "pupils") under the direction of teachers." (DBpedia, 2018)

A medal or award, monetary or otherwise, presented by either an institution or person of authority to an individual who has excelled in some aspect of their education.

A subject or field of study or practice. Educational subjects are typically designated by Library of Congress Subject Headings (http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.html). However, given the omissions, biases, and US-centricity of this vocabulary, other terms or strings may be used.

An award given in an educational context on the strength of the recipient's essay.

A subclass of Cultural Form for indicating a person's ethnicity, either as self-reported or as assigned by others, with accompanying context, where present, provided by race or ethnicity context annotations. Ethnicities are groups constructed on the conception of shared national, religious, geographical, racial, or cultural backgrounds or traditions, and particular ethnicities may be denigrated, lauded, or both, depending on the context. Ethnicities are shifting, historically constituted, and interestedly deployed categories whose use must be situated contextually and which are understood here finally as discursive or representational although they have real material impacts. As Angel Oquendo writes, "Despite its long ‘materialist' past in which it was taken to be synonymous with ‘race,' the concept of ethnicity as used today does appear to focus on cultural rather than on physiognomic difference." (Angel R. Oquendo, "Re-imagining the Latino/a Race" in The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader edited by Richard Delgado, Jean Stefancic 1998. This ontology therefore does not attempt to lay out an exact, fully defined, or mutually exclusive set of ethnic categories: this is an impossibility given their shifting use and the overlap among them and with identity categories for race, geography, and nationality, as demonstrated by Noel Ignatieve in his book How the Irish Became White (Ignatieve, 1995). Those using this class and its instances are encouraged to consult associated race or ethnicity context annotations, if available.

An event that occurs in time.

An exhibition is a type of scholarship award or bursary.

A version of a name used by those familiar with a person, such as family, friends, or co-workers.

Family Context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Family Context provide information about and discussions of a person's familial relations. Family relationships are social bonds assumed between a group of people affiliated by blood, marriage, co-residence, or other affiliation. For more information, see About: Family.

An event related to an family context.

An award or position usually associated with research or advanced standing in a field, and often associated with a particular group, body, or organization connected to creative, scholarly, or professional practice, sometimes involving a stipend and sometimes labour such as teaching.

A person, broadly defined, who features in an imaginative work such as a literary work, as a character or in some other way that distinguishes the reference to them from the natural person who is being represented. In other words, there is a distinction between a simple allusion to a natural person, and the fictionalization of that person within a text or other work of art.

A place that features in an imaginative work such as a literary work. Such places typically do not not have geospatial coordinates, although they may have a relationship to a [http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#MappedLocation].

A subject's given or baptismal name. This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema forename element. See also TEI element forename .

Friends and connections context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as friends and connections contexts discuss a broad spectrum of social relations ranging from friendship to enmities and casual associations. Other context annotations treat related aspects of social connections, including leisure context and intimate relationship context.

An event related to an friends and associates context.

A subclass of cultural form for indicating a person's gender, whether attributed or self-reported, with accompanying context, where present, provided by gender context annotations. Although in popular culture gender and biological sex are conflated and understood to be binary, the concept of gender stresses the relationality, constructedness, and performativity of gendered identities and gendered behaviour, whose categories are historically contingent and shifting, and the boundaries between them blurry. Simone de Beauvoir (1973) stated "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman," a belief that has been taken up by many other theorists of gender including Judith Butler (1990). Gender studies to date has investigated the social construction of femininity more than that of masculinity. The multi-layered constructedness of gender is also underlined by Donna Haraway who understands it as a "socially, historically, and semiotically positioned difference" (Donna Haraway, 1988). Gender is understood as fluid, situational, and sometimes plural, and it is related to, though not commensurate with, sexual identity and orientation, just as it is related to but not defined by specific forms of embodiment. Rather than seeing biological sex as a pre-social or natural given, the body is understood as a site of inscription (cf. (Elizabeth Grosz, 1994) which is also socially constructed and indeed epigenetically shaped by environmental factors (N. Katherine Hayles, 2012). As articulated by feminist neurologist Gillian Einstein, (2012)"The world writes on the body." This ontology therefore does not provide separate terms for sex as distinct from gender. Instead, it privileges terms associated with gender, recognizing that they are conventionally but not necessarily associated with sex, and that there is constant slippage between gender and sex in the way that these categories circulate through discourses, actions, and institutions. Far from indicating a universal facet of experience, gender intersects with other identity categories and axes of oppression such as class, race or colour, or geographical heritage to produced quite different interests and experiences among people of the same gender, as with the intersection of religion and white masculine identity in the Muscular Christianity movement in nineteenth-century Britain. Being a woman of colour often compounds the impacts of gender oppression. Such interaction between different forms of oppression is termed "intersectionality" (Kimberlé Crenshaw, 1989). Where this class and its instances are concerned, readers are advised to consult gender context context annotations, if available. Where terms are applied to younger individuals, the gendered variants, such as “girl” for “woman”, are understood to apply.

Gender Context is a significant subclass of context. It is associated with the cultural form subclass gender, and sometimes other intersecting Cultural Forms. Annotations typed as Gender Context provide information about and discussions of a person's subjectivity or experience with regards to their gender and gender identity. Gender Context provides depth to more granular categorizations of a person indicated through the properties has gender identity or has gender identity (self-reported).

An event related to an gender context.

A name component used to distinguish otherwise similar names on the basis of the relative ages or generations of the persons named." This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema for the genName element. See TEI element genName (generational name component) .

A subclass of cultural form, this property indicates a person's geographic heritage, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. Geographic heritage involves the geographical origins of a person's family, which often contributes to an understanding of their racial and ethnic background. It offers a way to capture individuals identified as "South-Asian," for example, when no more precise national heritage is indicated. See race or ethnicity context for a detailed description of the complexities of this class. It can be multiple and it can be different from a person's national identity or national heritage, current or official citizenship, or the geographical region or territory in which a person resides. Those using this class and its instances are encouraged to consult associated nationality context excerpts or annotations, if available.

"A grammar school is one of several different types of school in the history of education in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries, originally a school teaching Latin, but more recently an academically-oriented secondary school, differentiated in recent years from less academic Secondary Modern Schools." (DBpedia, 2018)

A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as health provide information about and discussions of a person's health, both mental and physical, and associated social, political and historical factors.

An event related to an health context.

Indicates a very high level of significance appropriate to a historical overview.

A positive name which celebrates or honours a person.

Name under which a person's work is indexed by an institution or organization.

Indicates a level of significance appropriate to an understanding of an individual person or entity.

Context for education or learning within an institutional setting.

An event related to an institutional education context.

Intimate relationship context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed intimate relationships discuss any type of intimacy ranging from emotional through psychological or material to sexual.

An event related to an intimate relationship context.

A human language or dialect, whether spoken and/or written.

A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Leisure Context provide information about and discussions of instances of the leisure and social activities of a person including hobbies, sporting life and cultural activities, for example mountain climbing or hosting a literary salon. Notions of leisure are both gendered and classed, and vary by cultural context. This context is meant to capture a person's social life within their larger community, not simply an elite, fashionable social circle.

An event related to an leisure context.

A literary award is an award presented in recognition of a particularly lauded literary piece or body of work. It is normally presented to an author.

An event associated with the climate for literature and writing, broadly conceived, ranging from publication or performance events to information about print technologies and copyright.

A name applied to a writer by others, for example in reviews or at readings, which orginate in the person's status as a writer.

A name with a geographic connotation, for example, "Julian of Norwich."

A place that can be mapped according to some accepted system of graphically representing space.

A surname adopted in marriage.

A subclass of health context. Annotations typed as mental health context describe an aspect of a person’s mental or psychological well-being or illness.

A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as name context provide the name or names associated with a person, at times with contextual information.

An event related to an name context.

"A connecting phrase or link used within a name but not regarded as part of it, such as van der or of." This term is derived from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema for the NameLink element. See TEI element nameLink (name link) .

An aspect of a person's name, including its use, connotations, or significance.

A subclass of cultural form, this property indicates a person's national heritage, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. National Heritage is composed of various elements related to national identity, often transmitted from previous generations and influenced by a subject's national historical background or geographic heritage. It can be multiple and can be different from a person's national identity, current or official citizenship, or the geographical region or territory in which a person resides. Those using this class and its instances are encouraged to consult associated nationality context excerpts or annotations, if available.

A subclass of cultural form, this property indicates a person's national identity, either as self-reported or as assigned by others, with accompanying context, where present, provided by nationality context annotations. It is neither the same as citizenship nor commensurate with the geographical region or territory in which a person resides, although it is usually associated with a current or former country or geographic region. For this reason, the (see ISO 2-digit Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 2: Country subdivision codes are used where possible to represent instances of national identities, and only terms for which country codes do not exist appear in this ontology. Like other identity categories, nationality may be plural, fluid, or contingent, and terms used for national identities can intersect with national heritage, geographic heritage, and ethnicity as well as other identity categories. Those using this class and its instances are encouraged to consult associated nationality context annotations, if available.

Nationality Context is a significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as Nationality Context provide information about and discussions of a person's cultural formation in relation to their national identity, national heritage, and geographic heritage -- which are not always aligned. Nationality Context provides depth to more granular indications of national identity through the national heritage, national identity, and geographic heritage properties.

An event related to an nationality context.

A human being who is alive, or was alive at some point in time. Natural persons may be fictionalized, in which case they are also classed as a fictional person.

Indicates familiar, humorous, or abusive name given to a person, applied instead of or in addition to their real name. May have name type, abusive name or honorific name.

A note or annotation, such as a footnote, endnote, or hypertext comment, which may be part of an object, contained in metadata describing it (as for a non-textual object), or linked to it, for instance via a Web Annotation.

A note or annotation intended for internal purposes having to do with such matters as research, composition, or workflow, and not intended for publication.

A scholarly note or annotation intended for publication, usually containing ancillary or supplementary content, which may take various forms such as a footnote, endnote, or pop-up note.

A position, activity, job, or profession, whether paid, unpaid, or voluntary, often related to and at times overlapping with a person's social class.

A significant subclass of context. Annotations typed as occupation provide information about and discussions of positions and activities significant to a person's life, including paid, unpaid, and voluntary work both beyond and within the home. Although writing as a career sometimes overlaps with occupation, literary activities are often described in writing contexts.

An event related to an occupation context.

Indicates the works of an author or other creative practioner regarded collectively.

Indicates a moderate level of significance appropriate to an understanding of a historical period.

A persona, unlike a role, cannot be adopted by people generally, but is specific to one natural person, or more rarely several natural persons. A persona is an original creation, often bearing meaning regarding the biographical, historical and sociological context to which its/their creator/s is/are attached. Personas as defined here should not be associated with mental illness or multiple personality disorder, since they are not the product of a distorted or uncontrolled perception of reality. At the heart of a persona is an identity that is interacted with by others and that at times can be confused with an actual natural person. It is incarnated and developed by a natural person, and may have a social, literary, artistic or political activity.

A person's name, containing a proper noun or proper-noun phrase referring to a person. Has subclasses for types of names such as pseudonym and may have name type, and may have associated parts. This term is derived in part from the Text Encoding Initiative P5 schema persname element. See also TEI element persName (personal name) .

A subclass of health context. Annotations typed as physical health context describe aspects of a person’s bodily or physical well-being or illness.

A named entity associated with a location in geographical space. It may be real or fictive, populated or unpopulated.

This subclass of CulturalForm indicates affiliations, connections and associations which designate a person's political involvement. These affiliations can be both formal connections to a party or organisation and informal political positions held by the writer. Political affiliations are defined broadly and include things like "against capital punishment" or "strong supporter of the Empire" in addition to more straightforward affiliations such as "marxist" or "conservative". Political affiliations can be multiple, sometimes contradictory, and may change over time.