This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The Ontology of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory (cwrc.ca) brings together various linked data materials produced within the Collaboratory related to the writers, writing, and culture.
Although it contains quite general components for activities such as annotation and citation, the focus of the CWRC ontology is on describing and relating aspects literary studies and literary history, with a strong emphasis on gender and intersectional analysis indebted to its roots in The Orlando Project, a history of women’s writing in the British Isles. It links to a number of standards while attempting to indicate the complexity of the relationship between representation and provenance in the production of linked data, and to convey the situatedness (Haraway, 1988) of the knowledge that it represents.
Some of the materials associated with this ontology are produced natively by activities conducted within the Collaboratory. Others are produced through a process of translation from embedded XML markup. In other words, some are the product of human creation or curation, and others are generated by machine.
This document is a human-readable version of the ontology that cannot document all of its data structures. The ontology itself should be the primary source for understanding how the ontology works.
The intended audience of this document is the scholar that wishes to understand how the ontology tackles concrete data recording problems and the linked open data practitioners that intends to make use of this ontology.
This document and the associated ontology will grow iteratively with modifications made over time as data is progressively translated and further ontological concerns identified over time. Continuity is ensured using the OWL ontology annotations for ontological compatibility and for deprecated classes and properties. Deprecated ontology terms remain present but are marked as such.
The Orlando Project embarked in 1995 on a history of women’s writing in the British Isles from the beginnings to the present (Brown, Clements and Grundy, 2007a;Brown, Clements and Grundy, 2007b). This born-digital collaboration devised a knowledge representation (Brown, Clements et al., 2006) in the form of a bespoke SGML tagset to encode the priorities and concepts in the text as it was being written. This tagset structures the biocritical, chronological, and bibliographical content of the resulting history of more than 8 million words and 2 million tags. The schema provides the basis of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory’s schema for similar content, and provides the foundation of the ontology provided here. Some of the source data is produced via extraction from XML tags embedded in Orlando Project materials and the content of similarly structured content within the Collaboratory (Simpson and Brown, 2013).
Orlando: Women’s Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the
Present (Brown and Clements and et al., 2006) is published by Cambridge
University Press:
http://orlando.cambridge.org.
The scholarly introduction and introduction to the Orlando tagset are
available here:
http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svDocumentation?&d_id=ABOUTTHEPROJECT.
Contributors to Orlando are listed here:
http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svDocumentation?formname=t&d_id=CREDITSANDACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
The Orlando Project’s XML schemas and the CWRC Project’s XML schema are
available at
https://github.com/cwrc/CWRC-Schema/tree/master/schemas.
The schema covers entities, classes, and relationships associated with the domains of literature and literary and cultural history as understood from an intersectional feminist perspective. The ontology design responds to the challenges of shifting from semi-structured to structured data (Smith, 2013). Although linked data triples stand on their own formally, many are derived from discursive prose and are best read in an environment that links back to their original context. The CWRC ontology design avoids representing RDF extractions from Orlando data as positivist assertions, and yet produces machine-readable OWL/RDF-compliant graph structures. It allows references to, without endorsing, external ontological vocabularies that are nevertheless part of documenting cultural processes and identities.
We employ a number of strategies for linking to other ontologies. Our architecture does not import other ontologies wholesale, but relates to large vocabularies in defined ways. We try not to abuse sameAs predicates (Halpin, Hayes et al., 2010). We adopt external namespaces and associated classes and terms wherever possible when they are in widespread use and their vocabularies are broadly compatible with ours, as in the case of the FOAF and BIBO vocabularies. For some terms, such as those for religious denominations or genres, we are happy to draw on other vocabularies’ terms and definitions in part or in whole, as in the case of terms from the Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus (Getty Research Institute). Other terms are referenced but at one remove. This is particularly common in relation to the vocabulary associated with Cultural Form (see below), which is understood primarily as representational, and within which identity terms are typed as labels and related to other internal narrower instances of labels that indicate the intersection of that term with one or more type of identity categorization. These are in turn related to external ontologies as subclasses, with a view to indicating that, although related, the terms and their definitions are not commensurate with those used in the CWRC vocabulary. By means of this structure, our vocabulary positions all terms associated with processes of Cultural Form as in effect labels, retaining the ambiguity of terms implicated in the complex social construction of identities.
Vocabulary reuse presented some challenges to the CWRC in that the vocabularies employed in the markup from which the RDF is derived can be ambiguously employed to an extend that reuse is difficult. A typical example is that of religion, where much ambiguity exists as to whether the term actually represents the religion as a belief system, formal membership in the associated religious organization, the social and often secular behaviours or affiliations associated with the religion, or any combination of the above.
At the top level, the CWRC ontology makes use of the following well know ontologies:
As noted above, some data associated with this ontology has been generated from XML structures (Simpson and Brown, 2013). Provenance is thus particularly important, given that such data was not produced natively in RDF but rather in the form of tags embedded in a discursive context. In such cases, the relevant portions of the text are provided in the form of snippets, which within the dataset become instances of contextual notes or human-readable annotations to which the ontological classes are directly tied.
The wholesale import of entire vocabularies within the CWRC ontology was likely to cause logical and ontological problems. To this end, we opted not to use the <owl:import> construct and instead either to link to vocabularies externally or to clone specific sets of terms from selected vocabularies. Similarly, not all vocabularies are well-defined from an ontological standpoint, but drawing from their narrative or some of their properties proved useful. To this end, we avoided the use of <owl:sameAs> so as not to bring unintended properties or ontological structures into the CWRC ontology. In other cases, the Provenance ontology property <prov:derivedFrom> is used to indicate that the term was constructed using information from other terms without necessarily being equivalent. Direct linkages to other ontologies are usually made through the use of subClasses or <owl:equivalentClass>.
As noted above, labels are not only used here to indicate the particular terms associated with an element of the ontology, but to indicate, when used to type a class, its representationality or discursivity.
Cultural diversity has been an increasing source of debate beyond and within the digital humanities community. The concentration within the Debates in Digital Humanities series (Gold, 2012; Gold and Klein, 2016) of pieces reflecting the increasing prominence of matters related to race, gender, cultural diversity, and difference is but one marker of the extent to which diversity matters. This ontology seeks to convey an intersectional understanding of identity categories, as instantiated in The Orlando Project’s XML Biography schema. The Cultural Form portion of the ontology recognizes categorization as endemic to social experience, while incorporating variation in terminology and the contextualization of identity categories. It understands social classification as culturally produced, intersecting, and discursively embedded. We invoke categories as the grounds for cultural investigation rather than fixed classifications, since such categories have never been stable or mutually exclusive (Algee-Hewitt, Porter, and Walser, 2016). For a more detailed explication of cultural formation, see Brown et al 2017.
Source data from CWRC spans multiple types of data including annotations on source texts, metadata, granular material such as bibliography, and discursive and analytical content about specific life events and literary phenomena. The CWRC linked open data set represents such information as series of assertions, frequently associated with particular contexts.
While full, integrated traceability has always been a core need of repeatable experiments, this comes as a complexity cost within a linked open data set in that the queries required to retrieve basic information become unwieldy. To this end, the CWRC ontology records information in two different ways: through a series of Contexts that link the information to its associated source text in Orlando or other materials, and through a series of granular properties that simply link individuals to their personal attributes. In this way, both rapid retrieval and deep provenance tracking are enabled.
Two basic structures are used within the ontology to achieve this: Contexts and Cultural Form. A cultural formation represent elements of lived social subjectivities and/or classification of people through categories such as race, gender, language, sexuality, or religion. Contexts are used to link a fragment of Orlando prose to the individual whom it references as well as to the specific cultural formation that is being assigned to the person. In addition, properties are separated in two categories: reported and self-reported, allowing for the qualification of individual statements.
The Cultural Form classes recognize categorization as endemic to social experience, while incorporating variation in terminology and contextualization of identity categories by employing instances at different discursive levels.
Cultural Form sub-classes and instances describe the subject positions of individuals through both Contexts and granular properties. This arrangements has its roots in the Orlando arrangement of Cultural Form encodings that pointed users towards a framework for raising and debating complex matters for cultural investigation rather than invoking reified categories.
The shift from embedded semantic markup to a linked open data approach presented the challenge of making this approach compatible with linkages to other ontologies and data sets outside of the Orlando frame of reference. The move from "strings to links" or "strings to things" was in some sense at odds with the former embrace of the ambiguity of strings such as white, black, English, etc.: white and black can represent race or ethnicity, while English can also be invoked as an ethnicity, nationality, or a national heritage. Orlando marks these strings using its Cultural Forms tagset as specific to, for example, the context of race or ethnicity, mandating a similar association, within the linked data representation, with a specific instance of Cultural Form. Thus, there exist Cultural Form instances that point to the discursive construction of white as a race and white as an ethnicity. Lastly, there also exists a white label that can be instantiated as either race or ethnicity, but not both within the same assertion (although multiple assertions are possible).
This is a departure from previous (non-linked open data) controlled vocabularies, in that the appearance of the term or label (in this case "white") does not indicate the specific cultural formation being invoked, the specific instance does. This also means that linkages to other data sets or vocabularies can be made appropriately, since multiple representations of the same label are present within the CWRC ontology. As a last resort, or for data mining purposes, the term is also available as an concept whose actual Cultural Form is undecided amongst the CWRC-defined options. This allows for linkages to an external ontology, such as can be required by text mining, without endorsing the corresponding definition or interpretation of the term.
Granular properties provide as a simple means of reporting information about individuals and their personal properties, some of which are self-reported. Some of the properties are associations inherited from forebears.
The original Orlando data makes religious reporting a challenge in that the original contexts did not differentiation between religious belief, membership in a religious organization, and absence of any religious belief combined with adherence to values or practices.
We use a taxonomy for enumerating the categories associated with this spectrum. The taxonomy in itself is SKOS-based and represents a loose mixture of the shared beliefs and historical offshoots. The religion class is also an SKOS concept scheme that has multiple topConcepts.
Some religious movements are organized and thus are also marked as FOAF organizations
The taxonomy attempts to trace the theological and/or organizational foundation of the belief system. Like applying the labels to an individual, this is an interpretive process.
The specific taxonomy is:
The CWRC ontology contains over 240 genres.
The specific taxonomy is:
The Orlando tags may reference any combination of sex, gender and/or sexual orientation for a particular individual.
Classes: Actor, Address, Androgynous, Context, CulturalForm, Ethnicity, EthnicityContext, Event, Gender, GenderContext, GenderQueer, Genre, GeographicalHeritage, Language, LanguageContext, LinguisticAbility, NationalHeritage, NationalIdentity, NationalityContext, Place, PoliticalAffiliation, PoliticalContext, RaceColour, RaceEthnicity, RaceEthnicityContext, Religion, ReligionContext, Sexuality, SexualityContext, SocialClassContext, SocialClassIdentity,
Properties: hasActor, hasCulturalForms, hasEthnicity, hasEthnicitySelfDefined, hasGender, hasGenderSelfDeclared, hasGenre, hasGeographicHeritage, hasGeographicHeritageSelfDeclared, hasLinguisticAbility, hasLinguisticAbilitySelfDeclared, hasNationality, hasNationalitySelfDeclared, hasNativeLinguisticAbility, hasNativeLinguisticAbilitySelfDeclared, hasRaceColour, hasRaceColourSelfDeclared, hasReligion, hasReligionSelfDefined, hasSexuality, hasSexualitySelfDeclared, hasSocialClass, hasSocialClassSelfDefined, identity, inRole, personalProperty, personalPropertySelfDeclared,
Instances: abrahamicReligions, agnosticism, anglicanChurch, atheism, baptistChurch, black, buddhism, catholicChurch, christianity, churchOfChristianScience, churchOfEngland, churchOfIreland, congregationalChurch, dissenters, dissentingChurches, england, EnglishLanguage, EnglishNationalHeritage, EnglishNationalIdentity, entrepreneurial-industrialist, eurasianRace, fifthMonarchists, FrenchLanguage, genderManMale, genderTransMan, genderTransWoman, genderWomanFemale, genreAbridgement, genreAclef, genreAcrostic, genreAdaptation, genreAdventurewriting, genreAdvertisingcopy, genreAfterpiece, genreAfterword, genreAgitprop, genreAllegory, genreAnagram, genreAnnotation, genreAnswer, genreAnthem, genreAnthology, genreAntiromance, genreAphorism, genreApology, genreArtcriticism, genreAutobiography, genreBallade, genreBalladopera, genreBallet, genreBergamasque, genreBestiary, genreBiblicalparaphrase, genreBildungsroman, genreBiographicaldictionary, genreBiography, genreBisexualfiction, genreBlackcomedy, genreBoutsrimes, genreBroadside, genreBurletta, genreCabaret, genreCaptivitynarrative, genreCatechism, genreChapbook, genreCharacter, genreCharade, genreChildrensLiterature, genreClerihew, genreClosetdrama, genreColouringbook, genreComedy, genreComedyofintrigue, genreComedyofmanners, genreComedyofmenace, genreComicbook, genreComingout, genreCommonplacebook, genreCompanion, genreComputerprogram, genreConditionofenglandnovel, genreConductliterature, genreCookbook, genreCourtshipfiction, genreCriminology, genreDedication, genreDetective, genreDevotional, genreDialogueofthedead, genreDialogueordebate, genreDiary, genreDictionary, genreDidactic, genreDirectory, genreDissertation, genreDocumentary, genreDomestic, genreDrama, genreDramaticmonologue, genreDreamvision, genreDystopia, genreEclogue, genreElegy, genreEncyclopaedia, genreEpic, genreEpigram, genreEpilogue, genreEpistle, genreEpistolary, genreEpitaph, genreEpithalamium, genreEpyllion, genreEroticapornography, genreEssay, genreEulogy, genreExhibitioncatalogue, genreFable, genreFabliau, genreFairytale, genreFantasy, genreFarce, genreFeminist, genreFeministtheory, genreFiction, genreFilmtvscript, genreFolksong, genreGardeningbook, genreGenealogy, genreGeorgic, genreGhoststory, genreGiftbook, genreGothic, genreGovernmentreport, genreGrammar, genreGraveyardpoetry, genreGuidebook, genreHagiography, genreHaiku, genreHarlequinade, genreHeroic, genreHistorical, genreHistory, genreHymn, genreImitation, genreIndustrialnovel, genreIntroduction, genreJournalism, genreJuvenilia, genreKitchensinkdrama, genreKunstlerroman, genreLais, genreLampoon, genreLegalwriting, genreLegendFolktale, genreLesbian, genreLetter, genreLettersfromthedeadtotheliving, genreLibretto, genreLiteraryCriticism, genreLiturgy, genreLove, genreLyric, genreMagicrealist, genreManifesto, genreManual, genreMap, genreMasque, genreMedicalwriting, genreMelodrama, genreMixedmedia, genreMockforms, genreMonologue, genreMoralitymysteryplay, genreMultimedia, genreMusicology, genreMystery, genreMyth, genreNarrativepoetry, genreNationaltale, genreNotebook, genreNovel, genreNovella, genreNurseryrhyme, genreObituary, genreOccasionalpoetry, genreOde, genreOneactplay, genreOpera, genreOratorio, genreOriental, genrePageant, genrePanegyric, genrePantomime, genreParable, genreParatexts, genreParody, genrePastoral, genrePedagogy, genrePerformancepoetry, genrePeriodical, genrePetition, genrePhilosophical, genrePhilosophy, genrePicaresque, genrePindaric, genrePoetry, genrePolemic, genrePoliticalwriting, genrePopular, genrePrayer, genrePrefatorypiece, genreProletarianwriting, genrePrologue, genrePropaganda, genreProphecy, genrePsalm, genrePsychoanalytical, genreQuiz, genreRadiodrama, genreRealist, genreRegional, genreReligious, genreReview, genreRevue, genreRiddle, genreRomance, genreSagewriting, genreSatire, genreScholarship, genreSchoolfiction, genreSciencefiction, genreScientificwriting, genreScrapbook, genreSensationnovel, genreSentimental, genreSequel, genreSermon, genreSexualawakeningfiction, genreShortstory, genreSilverforknovel, genreSketch, genreSketchbook, genreSlavenarrative, genreSocialscience, genreSong, genreSonnet, genreSpeech, genreTestimony, genreTextbook, genreTheatreofcruelty, genreTheatreoftheabsurd, genreTheology, genreThesaurus, genreThriller, genreTopographicalpoetry, genreTractpamphlet, genreTragedy, genreTragicomedy, genreTranslation, genreTravelwriting, genreTreatise, genreUtopia, genreVersenovel, genreVignette, genreVillanelle, genreYoungadultwriting, gentry, heterosexual, hinduism, homosexual, indigent, islam, jewishEthnicity, jewishGeographicalHeritage, jewishNationalIdentity, jewishReligion, lesbian, lollards, lowerMiddleClass, managerial, methodistChurch, millenarianism, neo-thomism, nobility, occultism, pagan, plymouthBrethren, presbyterianism, professional, protestantism, quakers, rationalDissenter, rural-unskilled, servants, shopkeepers, skilledCraftpersonArtisan, societyOfFriends, spiritualism, tractarianMovement, unitarianChurch, unitarianism, upper-middleClass, urban-industrialUnskilled, whiteEthnicity, whiteRaceColour, yeoman-farmer,
Dictionaries: Religion, SocialClassIdentity, TextLabels, Genre,
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAbridgement
abridgement - Versions of written works produced by condensation and omission but with retention of the general meaning and manner of presentation of the original, often prepared by someone other than the author of the original. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAclef
aclef -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAcrostic
acrostic - Un acrostiche, du grec akrostikhos (akros, haut, élevé et stikhos, le vers), est un poème, une strophe ou une série de strophes fondés sur une forme poétique consistant en ce que, lues verticalement de haut en bas, la première lettre ou, parfois, les premiers mots d'une suite de vers composent un mot ou une expression en lien avec le poème.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAdaptation
adaptation - Written works or works derived from written works, where the second work is an alteration or amendment a text to make it suitable for another purpose. An example of an adaptation is a version of an earlier text made to better agree with a philosophy other than that intended by the original. Other examples are written works adapted for another medium, such as film, broadcasting, or stage production. For visual works adapted from another work, use "adaptations (derivative objects)."
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAdventurewriting
adventure writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAdvertisingcopy
advertising copy -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAfterpiece
afterpiece -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAfterword
afterword -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAgitprop
agitprop - Derived from agitation propaganda, meaning intended to inspire political action. With reference to visual art, refers to the specific art movement arising in Soviet Russia following the Bolshevik revolution. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAllegory
allegory - Une allégorie (du grec : ἄλλον / állon, « autre chose », et ἀγορεύειν / agoreúein, « parler en public ») est une forme de représentation indirecte qui emploie une chose (une personne, un être animé ou inanimé, une action) comme signe d'une autre chose, cette dernière étant souvent une idée abstraite ou une notion morale difficile à représenter directement. Elle représente donc une idée abstraite par du concret. En littérature, l'allégorie est une figure rhétorique qui consiste à exprimer une idée en utilisant une histoire ou une représentation qui doit servir de support comparatif. La signification étymologique est : « une autre manière de dire », au moyen d'une image figurative ou figurée.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAnagram
anagram - Anagrammatic poetry is poetry with the constrained form that either each line or each verse is an anagram of all other lines or verses in the poem. A poet that specializes in anagrams is an anagrammarian. Writing anagrammatic poetry is a form of a constrained writing similar to writing pangrams or long alliterations.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAnnotation
annotation - Notes added as comment or explanation, such as those accompanying an entry in a bibliography, reading list, or catalogue intended to describe, explain, or evaluate the publication referred to. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAnswer
answer -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAnthem
anthem -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAnthology
anthology - Collections of choice extracts, from the writings of one author, or various authors, and usually having a common characteristic such as subject matter or literary form. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAntiromance
antiromance -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAphorism
aphorism - Short, pithy statements of principle or precepts, often of known authorship; distinguished from "proverbs" which are statements repeated colloquially and which often embody the folk wisdom of a group or nation. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreApology
apology -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreArtcriticism
art criticism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAutobiography
autobiography - Documents of any type that are biographies of individuals written by themselves. For the overall genre, use "autobiography (genre)."Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBallade
ballade - A ballade (from French ballade, [baˈlad], and German Ballade, [baˈlaːdə], both being words for "ballad"), in classical music since the late 18th century, refers to a setting of a literary ballad, a narrative poem, in the musical tradition of the Lied, or to a one-movement instrumental piece with lyrical and dramatic narrative qualities reminiscent of such a song setting, especially a piano ballad.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBalladopera
ballad opera -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBallet
ballet -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBergamasque
bergamasque -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBestiary
bestiary - Collections of moralized fables, especially as written in the Middle Ages, about actual or mythical animals. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBiblicalparaphrase
biblical paraphrase -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBildungsroman
bildungsroman - Novels of a traditional German genre that focuses on the spiritual development or formative years of an individual. Now in broad use to refer to this type of novel written in any language or in any culture.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBiographicaldictionary
biographical dictionary -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBiography
biography - Brief profiles of a people's life or work.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBisexualfiction
bisexual fiction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBlackcomedy
black comedy - A black comedy (or dark comedy) is a comic work that employs morbid humor, which, in its simplest form, is humor that makes light of subject matter usually considered taboo. Black humor corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. Black comedy is often controversial due to its subject matter.[citation needed]
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBoutsrimes
boutsrimes -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBroadside
broadside -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBurletta
burletta -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCabaret
cabaret -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCaptivitynarrative
captivity narrative - Captivity narratives are usually stories of people captured by enemies whom they consider uncivilized, or whose beliefs and customs they oppose. The best-known captivity narratives are those concerning the indigenous peoples of North America. These narratives (and questions about their accuracy) have an enduring place in literature, history, ethnography, and the study of Native peoples. However, captivity narratives have also come to play a major role in the study of contemporary religious movements, thanks to scholars of religion like David G. Bromley and James R. Lewis. In this article, both main types of captivity narratives are considered. Traditionally, historians have made limited use of certain captivity narratives. They have regarded the genre with suspicion because of its ideological underpinnings. As a result of new scholarly approaches, historians with a more certain grasp of Native American cultures are distinguishing between plausible statements of fact and value-laden judgements in order to study the narratives as rare sources from "inside" Native societies. Contemporary historians such as Linda Colley and anthropologists such as Pauline Turner Strong have also found the narratives useful in analyzing how the colonists constructed the "other", as well as what the narratives reveal about the settlers' sense of themselves and their culture, and the experience of crossing the line to another. Colley has studied the long history of English captivity in other cultures, both the Barbary pirate captives who preceded those in North America, and British captives in cultures such as India, after the North American experience. Certain North American captivity narratives involving Native peoples were published from the 18th through the 19th centuries, but they reflected a well-established genre in English literature. There had already been English accounts of captivity by Barbary pirates, or in the Middle East, which established some of the major elements of the form. Following the American experience, additional accounts were written after British people were captured during exploration and settlement in India and East Asia. Other types of captivity narratives, such as those recounted by apostates from religious movements (i.e. "cult survivor" tales), have remained an enduring feature of modern media, and currently appear in books, periodicals, film, and television. The unifying factor in most captivity narratives, whether they stem from geopolitical or religious conflicts, is that the captive portrays the captors' way of life as alien, undesirable, and incompatible with the captive's own (typically dominant) culture. This underscores the utility of captivity narratives in garnering support for social control measures, such as removing Native Americans to "reservations", or stigmatizing participation in religious movements – whether Catholicism in the nineteenth century, or ISKCON in the twentieth. Captivity narratives tend to be culturally chauvinistic, viewing an "alien" culture through the lens of the narrator's preferred culture, thus making (possibly unfair) value judgements like "Puritans good, Indians bad."
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCatechism
catechism - A catechism (/ˈkætəˌkizəm/; from Greek: κατηχέω, to teach orally), is a summary or exposition of doctrine and served as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts. Catechisms are doctrinal manuals - often in the form of questions followed by answers to be memorised - a format in non-religious or secular contexts as well. The term catechumen refers to the designated recipient of the catechetical work or instruction. In the Catholic Church, catachumens were usually placed separately during Holy Mass from those who received the Sacrament of Baptism. Early catecheticals emerged from Graeco-Roman mystery religions, especially the late cult of Mithras meant to educate their members into the secretive teachings, which competed with the Christian Church as an underground religion in the 1st to 4th centuries CE and allegedly shared its many ritual practices. Today, they are characteristic of Western Christianity but are also present in Eastern Christianity.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreChapbook
chapbook - Small books or pamphlets, usually cheaply printed and containing such texts as popular tales, treatises, ballads, or nursery rhymes, formerly peddled by chapmen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCharacter
character - Any representation of an individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. The reader can interpret characters as endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in what they say (dialogue) and what they do (action).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCharade
charade -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreChildrensLiterature
childrens literature - Literature written and published for children. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreClerihew
clerihew - A clerihew is a whimsical, four-line biographical poem invented by Edmund Clerihew Bentley. The first line is the name of the poem's subject, usually a famous person put in an absurd light. The rhyme scheme is AABB, and the rhymes are often forced. The line length and metre are irregular. Bentley invented the clerihew in school and then popularized it in books. One of his best known is this (1905):
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreClosetdrama
closetdrama -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreColouringbook
colouring book - Books containing outline drawings, for coloring in with crayons, watercolor, colored pencils, or other media, usually intended for use by children.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComedy
comedy - Light and amusing stories.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComedyofintrigue
comedy of intrigue -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComedyofmanners
comedy of manners - The comedy of manners is an entertainment form which satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class or of multiple classes, often represented by stereotypical stock characters. For example, the miles gloriosus ("boastful soldier") in ancient times, the fop and the rake during the English Restoration, or an old person pretending to be young. Restoration comedy is used as a synonym for "comedy of manners". The plot of the comedy, often concerned with scandal, is generally less important than its witty dialogue. A great writer of comedies of manners was Oscar Wilde, his most famous play being The Importance of Being Earnest. The comedy of manners was first developed in the new comedy of the Ancient Greek playwright Menander. His style, elaborate plots, and stock characters were imitated by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence, whose comedies were widely known and copied during the Renaissance. The best-known comedies of manners, however, may well be those of the French playwright Molière, who satirized the hypocrisy and pretension of the ancien régime in such plays as L'École des femmes (The School for Wives, 1662), Le Misanthrope (The Misanthrope, 1666), and most famously Tartuffe (1664).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComedyofmenace
comedy of menace -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComicbook
comicbook - Sequence of illustrations containing a story or stories (called "comics," because some are humorous), often serialized, published in booklet form. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComingout
coming out -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCommonplacebook
common place book - Books in which noteworthy literary passages, cogent quotations, poems, comments, recipes, prescriptions, and other miscellaneous document types are written. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCompanion
companion -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComputerprogram
computer program - A compilation of coded instructions or sequence of code that, when run, achieves a certain task in a mechanism, usually a computer. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreConditionofenglandnovel
condition of england novel -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreConductliterature
conduct literature -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCookbook
cookbook - A cookbook (sometimes cookery book in Commonwealth English or cook book) is a kitchen reference publication that typically contains a collection of recipes. Modern versions may also include colorful illustrations and advice on purchasing quality ingredients or making substitutions. Cookbooks can also cover a wide variety of topics, including cooking techniques for the home, recipes and commentary from famous chefs, institutional kitchen manuals, and cultural commentary.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCourtshipfiction
courtshipfiction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCriminology
criminology -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDedication
dedication - A short bit of text conventionally appearing before the start of a novel or poem in which the author or poet addresses some individual, invoking his or her gratitude or thanks to that individual. Frequently, the dedication is to a spouse, friend, loved one, child, mentor, or individual who inspired the work. Several of the Inklings dedicated specific fictional works to each other (or in the case of C.S. Lewis, to children of fellow Inklings). Among scholars, one of the most significant types of dedications is a festschrift. A festschrift is a collection of essays or studies in book form, dedicated to a former teacher or professor in his or her advanced age. The individual scholarly writings come from his or her students, who typically collaborate to organize the work and contact the publisher, and they present the collection to the teacher upon its publication.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDetective
detective - Detective Comics is the title used for two American comic book series published by DC Comics. The first, published from 1937 to 2011, was best known for introducing the superhero Batman in Detective Comics #27 (cover dated May 1939). A second series of the same title was launched in the fall of 2011. The original series is the source of its publishing company's name and with Action Comics, the comic book launched with the debut of Superman, one of the medium's signature series. The original series published 881 issues between 1937 and 2011 and was the longest continuously published comic book in the United States.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDevotional
devotional - Christian devotional literature (also called devotionals or Christian living literature) is religious writing that is neither doctrinal nor theological, but designed for individuals to read for their personal edification and spiritual formation. Theologian Karl Holl has suggested that devotional literature came into full development at the time of Pietism during the second half of the 17th century.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDialogueofthedead
dialogue of the dead -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDialogueordebate
dialogue or debate -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDiary
diary - Refers to books containing the daily, personal accounts of the writer's own experiences, attitudes, and observations. Use "journals (accounts)" when referring to an individual's or an organization's account of occurrences or transactions.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDictionary
dictionary - Library catalog in which the entries are arranged in a single alphabetical sequence, regardless of their type, so that authors, titles, and other indexing terms are all alphabetized together alphabetically instead of in separate groupings by type.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDidactic
didactic - Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDirectory
directory - Enumerations of names, addresses, and other data about specific groups of persons or organizations; may appear in alphabetic or graphic format. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDissertation
dissertation -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDocumentary
documentary -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDomestic
domestic - Domestic realism normally refers to the genre of nineteenth-century novels popular with women readers. This body of writing is also known as "sentimental fiction" or "woman's fiction". The genre is mainly reflected in the novel though short-stories and non-fiction works such as Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Our Country Neighbors" and The New Housekeeper's Manual written by Stowe and her sister-in-law Catharine Beecher are works of domestic realism. The style's particular characteristics are: "1. Plot focuses on a heroine who embodies one of two types of exemplar: the angel and the practical woman (Reynolds) who sometimes exist in the same work. Baym says that this heroine is contrasted with the passive woman (incompetent, cowardly, ignorant; often the heroine's mother is this type) and the "belle," who is deprived of a proper education. 2. The heroine struggles for self-mastery, learning the pain of conquering her own passions (Tompkins, Sensational Designs, 172). 3. The heroine learns to balance society's demands for self-denial with her own desire for autonomy, a struggle often addressed in terms of religion. 4. She suffers at the hands of abusers of power before establishing a network of surrogate kin. 5. The plots "repeatedly identify immersion in feeling as one of the great temptations and dangers for a developing woman. They show that feeling must be controlled. . . " (Baym 25). Frances Cogan notes that the heroines thus undergo a full education within which to realize feminine obligations (The All-American Girl). 6. The tales generally end with marriage, usually one of two possible kinds: A. Reforming the bad or "wild" male, as in Augusta Evans's St. Elmo (1867) B. Marrying the solid male who already meets her qualifications.Examples: Maria Cummins, The Lamplighter (1854) and Susan Warner, The Wide, Wide World (1850) 7. The novels may use a "language of tears" that evokes sympathy from the readers. 8. Richard Brodhead (Cultures of Letters) sees class as an important issue, as the ideal family or heroine is poised between a lower-class family exemplifying poverty and domestic disorganization and upper-class characters exemplifying an idle, frivolous existence (94)." An example of this style of novel is Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres in which the main character's confinement is emphasized in such a way. Some early exponents of the genre of domestic realism were Jane Austen and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDrama
drama - A composition in prose or verse presenting, in pantomime and dialogue, a narrative involving conflict between a character or characters and some external or internal force (see conflict). Playwrights usually design dramas for presentation on a stage in front of an audience. Aristotle called drama "imitated human action." Drama may have originated in religious ceremonies. Thespis of Attica (sixth century BCE) was the first recorded composer of a tragedy. Tragedies in their earliest stage were performed by a single actor who interacted with the chorus. The playwright Aeschylus added a second actor on the stage (deuteragonist) to allow additional conflict and dialogue. Sophocles and Euripides added a third (tritagonist). Medieval drama may have evolved independently from rites commemorating the birth and death of Christ. During the late medieval period and the early Renaissance, drama gradually altered to the form we know today. The mid-sixteenth century in England in particular was one of the greatest periods of world drama. In traditional Greek drama, as defined by Aristotle, a play was to consist of five acts and follow the three dramatic unities. In more recent drama (i.e., during the last two centuries), plays have frequently consisted of three acts, and playwrights have felt more comfortable disregarding the confines of Aristotelian rules involving verisimilitude. See also unities, comedy, tragedy, revenge play, miracle play, morality play, and mystery play. An individual work of drama is called a play. DRAMATIC CONVENTION: See convention. DRAMATIC IRONY: See irony. DRAMATICDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDramaticmonologue
dramatic monologue - Dramatic monologue, also known as a persona poem, is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character. M.H. Abrams notes the following three features of the dramatic monologue as it applies to poetry
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDreamvision
dreamvision -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDystopia
dystopia - (from Greek, dys topos, "bad place"): The opposite of a utopia, a dystopia is an imaginary society in fictional writing that represents, as M. H. Abrams puts it, "a very unpleasant imaginary world in which ominous tendencies of our present social, political, and technological order are projected in some disastrous future culmination" (Glossary 218). For instance, while a utopia presents readers with a place where all the citizens are happy and ruled by a virtuous, efficient, rational government, a dystopia presents readers with a world where all citizens are universally unhappy, manipulated, and repressed by a sinister, sadistic totalitarian state. This government exists at best to further its own power and at worst seeks actively to destroy its own citizens' creativity, health, and happiness. Examples of fictional dystopias include Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, George Orwell's 1984, Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, and Ursula Le Guin's The Dispossessed.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEclogue
eclogue - An eclogue is a poem in a classical style on a pastoral subject. Poems in the genre are sometimes also called bucolics.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreElegy
elegy - Mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poems, especially funeral songs or laments for the dead.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEncyclopaedia
encyclopaedia - Books, set of books, or disks, containing informational articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, or limited to a special field or subject, usually arranged in alphabetical order. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpic
epic - Meaning extended from "epic poetry," in modern usage refers to literary art forms, such as prose, poetry, plays, films, and other works where the story has a theme of grandeur and heroism.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpigram
epigram - Refers to short satiric poems or any similar pointed sayings.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpilogue
epilogue - A conclusion added to a literary work such as a novel, play, or long poem. It is the opposite of a prologue. Often, the epilogue refers to the moral of a fable. Sometimes, it is a speech made by one of the actors at the end of a play asking for the indulgence of the critics and the audience. Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream contains one of the most famous epilogues. Contrast with prologue. Do not confuse the term with eclogue.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpistle
epistle - Literary genre taking the form of letters, usually of a literary, formal, or public nature. Examples are the epistles in the Biblical New Testament.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpistolary
epistolary - Novels written by using the device of a series of letters, diary entries, newspaper clippings, or other documents.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpitaph
epitaph - Inscriptions on sepulchral monuments in the memory of those buried in the tomb or grave.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpithalamium
epithalamium - An epithalamiumLatin form of Greek ἐπιθαλάμιον epithalamion from ἐπί epi "upon," and θάλαμος thalamos nuptial chamber) is a poem written specifically for the bride on the way to her marital chamber. This form continued in popularity through the history of the classical world; the Roman poet Catullus wrote a famous epithalamium, which was translated from or at least inspired by a now-lost work of Sappho. According to Origen, Song of Songs, might be an epithalamium on the marriage of Solomon with Pharaoh’s daughter.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpyllion
epyllion - Brief narrative poems in dactylic hexameter of ancient Greece, imitated by Romans and others. Usually dealing with mythological and romantic themes. They are characterized by lively description, miniaturistic attitude, scholarly allusion, and an elevated tone similar to that of the elegy.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEroticapornography
erotica pornography -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEssay
essay - Short literary compositions on single subjects, often presenting the personal view of the author.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEulogy
eulogy - A eulogy (from εὐλογία, eulogia, Classical Greek for "praise") is a speech or writing in praise of a person(s) or thing(s), especially one who recently died or retired or as a term of endearment. Eulogies may be given as part of funeral services. They take place in a funeral home during or after a wake. However, some denominations either discourage or do not permit eulogies at services to maintain respect for traditions. Eulogies can also praise people who are still alive. This normally takes place on special occasions like birthdays, office parties, retirement celebrations, etc. Eulogies should not be confused with elegies, which are poems written in tribute to the dead; nor with obituaries, which are published biographies recounting the lives of those who have recently died; nor with obsequies, which refer generally to the rituals surrounding funerals. Catholic priests are prohibited by the rubrics of the Mass from presenting a eulogy for the deceased in place of a homily during a funeral Mass. The modern use of the word eulogy was first documented in the 15th century and came from the Medieval Latin term “eulogium” (Merriam-Webster 2012). “Eulogium” at that time has since turned into the shorter “eulogy” of today. Eulogies are usually delivered by a family member or a close family friend in the case of a dead person. For a living eulogy given in such cases as a retirement, a senior colleague could perhaps deliver it. On occasions, eulogies are given to those who are severely ill or elderly in order to express words of love and gratitude before they die. Eulogies are not limited to merely people, however; Places or things can also be given eulogies (which anyone can deliver), but these are less common than those delivered to people, whether living or deceased.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreExhibitioncatalogue
exhibition catalogue - Publications that document the works displayed in an exhibition.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFable
fable - Fictitious narratives usually with animals or inanimate objects as protagonists, intended to convey a hidden meaning regarding human conduct.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFabliau
fabliau - plural, fabliaux): A humorous, frequently ribald or "dirty" narrative popular with French poets, who traditionally wrote the story in octosyllabic couplets. The tales frequently revolve around trickery, practical jokes, sexual mishaps, scatology, mistaken identity, and bodily humor. Chaucer included several fabliaux in The Canterbury Tales, including the stories of the Shipman, the Friar, the Miller, the Reeve, and the Cook. Examples from French literature include Les Quatre Souhais Saint Martin, Audigier, and Beranger au Long Cul (Beranger of the Long Ass).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFairytale
fairytale - Fairytale fantasy is distinguished from other subgenres of fantasy by the works' heavy use of motifs, and often plots, from folklore.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFantasy
fantasy - Literary genre in which works are of a whimsical or visionary nature, having suppositions that are speculation or resting on no solid grounds.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFarce
farce - (from Latin Farsus, "stuffed"): A farce is a form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter through highly exaggerated caricatures of people in improbable or silly situations. Traits of farce include (1) physical bustle such as slapstick, (2) sexual misunderstandings and mix-ups, and (3) broad verbal humor such as puns. Many literary critics (especially in the Victorian period) have tended to view farce as inferior to "high comedy" that involves brilliant dialogue. Many of Shakespeare's early works, such as The Taming of the Shrew, are considered farces. Contrast with comedy of manners.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFeminist
feminist - Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFeministtheory
feminist theory -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFiction
fiction - Poetic or prosaic literary forms derived from medieval narratives of love, legendary or heroic adventures, and chivalry. Extends to narratives about important religious figures, or fantastic or supernatural events.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFilmtvscript
film tv script -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFolksong
folksong -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGardeningbook
gardening book -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGenealogy
genealogy - Accounts or histories of the descent of persons, families, or other groups, from an ancestor or ancestors; enumerations of ancestors and their descendants in the natural order of succession.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGeorgic
georgic -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGhoststory
ghost story - Prose tales of the supernatural in which the living encounter manifestations of the spirits of the dead.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGiftbook
giftbook - Books, usually illustrated literary anthologies, intended to be given as gifts and often published annually; popular in the 19th century. For works produced to mark an occasion, use "keepsakes (books)." Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGothic
gothic - Romantic fictions having a prevailing atmosphere of mystery and terror, often combined with a love story. The genre was introduced in England ca. 1765, but soon became popular elsewhere in Europe, reaching its heyday in the 1790s. The genre has undergone frequent revivals in subsequent centuries. It is called "Gothic" because the early examples were often set in part among medieval buildings and ruins, such as castles or monasteries.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGovernmentreport
government report -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGrammar
grammar - GRAMMAR: Another term for transformational grammar.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGraveyardpoetry
graveyard poetry -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGuidebook
guidebook - Handbooks for the guidance of strangers or visitors in a district, town, building, etc., giving a description of the roads, places, or objects of interest to be found there. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHagiography
hagiography - Biographies of saints, usually written, but includes oral or visual works as well.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHaiku
haiku - (plural: haiku, from archaic Japanese): The term haiku is a fairly late addition to Japanese poetry. The poet Shiki coined the term in the nineteenth century from a longer, more traditional phrase, haikai renga no hokku ("the introductory lines of light linked verse"). To understand the haiku's history as a genre, peruse the vocabulary entries for its predecessors, the hokku and the haikai renga or renku. The haiku follows several conventions: Many Japanese poets have used the form, the two acknowledged masters being Bashó (a nom de plume for Matsuo Munefusa, 1644-94); and Kobayashi Issa (a nom de plume for Kobayashi Nobuyuki). The Imagist Movement in 20th century English literature has been profoundly influenced by haiku. The list of poets who attempted the haiku or admired the genre includes Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, Robert Frost, Conrad Aiken, and W. B. Yeats. Contrast haiku with the tanka and the senryu. See also hokku, below, and haikai, above. See also kigo and imagism. You can click here to download a PDF handout summarizing this discussion of haiku, or you can click here to download PDF samples of haiku.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHarlequinade
harlequinade -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHeroic
heroic - Form of poetry comprising long narratives celebrating on a grand scale the adventures and deeds of one or more heroic figures, ordinarily concerning a serious subject significant to a culture or nation. Classical epic poetry employs dactylic hexameter and recounts a journey. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHistorical
historical - Refers to maps that indicate political administrative boundaries or other characteristics of a region at periods of time before the present. They typically include historical names for places, historical population dispositions, and the historical state of physical features. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHistory
history - Accounts of the chronological development of cases of disease or conditions of individuals, with details of symptoms.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHymn
hymn - A religious song consisting of one or more repeating rhythmical stanzas. In classical Roman literature, hymns to Minerva and Jupiter survive. The Greek poet Sappho wrote a number of hymns to Aphrodite. More recently a vast number of hymns appear in Catholic and Protestant religious lyrics. A particularly vibrant tradition of hymn-writing comes from the South's African-American population during the nineteenth century. In the realm of fiction, C.S. Lewis creates hymns for the Solid Ones in The Great Divorce, and Tolkien creates Elvish hymns such as "O Elbereth" in The Lord of the Rings, typically with quatrain structure alternating with couplet stanzas. In the example of "O Elbereth," the hymn honors one of the Maiar spirits. See also paean.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreImitation
imitation -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreIndustrialnovel
industrial novel -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreIntroduction
introduction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreJournalism
journalism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreJuvenilia
juvenilia - Literary or artistic works produced by persons in their childhood or youth; usually used to set those works apart from later, mature works. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreKitchensinkdrama
kitchensink drama -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreKunstlerroman
kunstlerroman -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLais
lais - A laisse is a type of stanza, of varying length, found in medieval French literature, specifically medieval French epic poetry (the chanson de geste), such as The Song of Roland. In early works, each laisse was made up of (mono) assonanced verses, although the appearance of (mono) rhymed laisses was increasingly common in later poems. Within a poem, the length of each separate laisse is variable (whereas the metric length of the verses is invariable, each verse having the same syllable length, typically decasyllables or, occasionally, alexandrines. The laisse is characterized by stereotyped phrases and formulas and frequently repeated themes and motifs, including repetitions of material from one laisse to another. Such repetitions and formulaic structures are common of orality and oral-formulaic composition. When medieval poets repeated content (with different wording or assonance/rhyme) from one laisse to another, such "similar" laisses are called laisses similaires in French.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLampoon
lampoon - A coarse or crude satire ridiculing the appearance or character of another person.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLegalwriting
legal writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLegendFolktale
legend folktale -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLesbian
lesbian - Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians was a quarterly periodical for black, Asian, Latina, and Native American lesbians published between 1977 and 1983 by the Salsa Soul Sisters, Third World Wimmin Inc Collective. The Collective also published the Salsa Soul Sisters/Third World Women's Gay-zette (c. 1982).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLetter
letter - Letters written to a newspaper or magazine to present a position, make a correction, or respond to another story or letter.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLettersfromthedeadtotheliving
letters from the dead to the living -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLibretto
libretto - Books or booklets containing the text or words of an opera or similar extended musical composition. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLiteraryCriticism
literary criticism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLiturgy
liturgy -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLove
love -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLyric
lyric - Lyric Essay is a subgenre of essay writing, which combines qualities of poetry, essay, memoir, and research writing. The lyric essay is considered high art, and often requires work and association on behalf of the reader. Proponents of the lyric essay classification insist it differs from prose poetry in its reliance on association rather than line breaks and juxtaposition.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMagicrealist
magic realist -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreManifesto
manifesto - Formal written declarations, promulgated by a sovereign or by the executive authority of a state or nation, such as to proclaim its reasons and motives for declaring a war, or other international action; also public declarations or proclamations of political, social, artistic, or other principles. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreManual
manual - Books or treatises, often compendious, containing rules or instructions needed to perform tasks, operations, processes, occupations, arts, or studies, and intended to be used as reference while the task or study is performed. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMap
map -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMasque
masque - Not to be confused with a masquerade, a masque is a type of elaborate court entertainment popular in the times of Queen Elizabeth I, King James I, and Charles I--i.e., the early 17th Century after Queen Elizabeth's death. The masque as a performance grew out of medieval plays, but it was more spectacle than drama proper. The content was suitable for amateur actors rather than professional performers. The masques tended to use long speeches and little action. They combined poetic drama, singing, dancing, music, and splendid costumes and settings. The imagery was influential on later poets and poems, such as Andrew Marvell, who makes use of masque-imagery in "Upon Appleton House."Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMedicalwriting
medical writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMelodrama
melodrama - Film genre originally applied to plays with plots with moral issues where good versus evil were the main focus. Later, the films of D. W. Griffith, such as "Way Down East in (1920), the personal and social problems of women are portrayed in particularly melodramatic way, and the emphasis become more on characters themselves. In films like Stella Dallas (1937) or Douglas Sirk's "All That Heaven Allows," the happy ending plot gives way to the female character sacrificing everything to a more noble cause. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMixedmedia
mixed media -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMockforms
mockforms -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMonologue
monologue - In theatre, a monologue (from Greek μονόλογος from μόνος mónos, "alone, solitary" and λόγος lógos, "speech") is a speech presented by a single character, most often to express their mental thoughts aloud, though sometimes also to directly address another character or the audience. Monologues are common across the range of dramatic media (plays, films, etc.), as well as in non-dramatic media such as poetry. Monologues share much in common with several other literary devices including soliloquies, apostrophes, and aside. There are, however, distinctions between each of these devices.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMoralitymysteryplay
morality mystery play -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMultimedia
multimedia -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMusicology
musicology -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMystery
mystery - Medieval plays based on the lives of the saints or other biblical legends. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMyth
myth - Legendary stories without a determinable basis of fact or natural explanation, typically concerning a being, hero, deity, or event and explains some practice, rite, or phenomenon of nature.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNarrativepoetry
narrative poetry - Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metred verse. Narrative poems do not have to follow rhythmic patterns. The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is usually well it normally dramatic, with objectives, diverse characters, and metre. Narrative poems include epics, ballads, idylls, and lays. Some narrative poetry takes the form of a novel in verse. An example of this is The Ring and the Book by Robert Browning. In terms of narrative poetry, a romance is a narrative poem that tells a story of chivalry. Examples include the Romance of the Rose or Tennyson's Idylls of the King. Although these examples use medieval and Arthurian materials, romances may also tell stories from classical mythology. Shorter narrative poems are often similar in style to the short story. Sometimes these short narratives are collected into interrelated groups, as with Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. Some literatures contain prose naose narratives, and the Old Norse sagas include both incidental poetry and the biographies of poets. An example is "The Cremation of Sam McGee" by Robert Service.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNationaltale
national tale -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNotebook
notebook - Notebook is a style of writing where people jot down what they have thought or heard at the spur of moment. The contents of a notebook are unorganized, and the number of subjects covered in a notebook are unlimited: a paragraph of autobiography can be followed immediately by one on astronomy or one on history. Some famous authors are also famous for the notebooks they left. The Italian poet Giacomo Leopardi kept a notebook, called Zibaldone, from 1817 to 1832. The idea of keeping that, which contains no fewer than 4,526 pages, was possibly suggested by a priest who fled from the French Revolution and came to live in the poet's hometown. The priest suggested that "every literary man should have a written chaos such as this: notebook containing sottiseries, adrersa, excerpta, pugillares, commentaria... the store-house out of which fine literature of every kind may come, as the sun, moon, and stars issued out of chaos." There are writers who earned their posthumous fame solely by their notebooks, such as the German scientist and humorous writer Georg Lichtenberg. He called his notebooks "waste book," using the English book-keeping term. He explains the purpose of his "waste book" in his notebook E: The notebooks of scientists, such as those of Michael Faraday and Charles Darwin, can reveal the development of their scientific theories. On the other hand, the notebooks used by scientists for recording their experiments are called lab notebooks. The notebooks used by artists are usually referred as sketchbooks, which may contain more than sketches. Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks contain his writings on painting, sculpture, architecture, anatomy, mining, inventions and music, as well as his sketches, his grocery lists and the names of people who owed him money. In Chinese literature, "notebook" or biji is a distinct genre, and has a broader meaning.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNovel
novel - Invented prose narratives of considerable length and a certain complexity that deal imaginatively with human experience through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNovella
novella - Short prose tales popular in the Renaissance and for later prose narratives intermediate between novels and short stories.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNurseryrhyme
nurseryrhyme - Tales in rhymed verse for children. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreObituary
obituary - Obituary poetry, in the broad sense, includes any poem that commemorates a person or group of people's death: an elegy. In its stricter sense, though, it refers to a genre of popular verse or folk poetry that had its greatest popularity in the nineteenth century, especially in the United States of America. The genre consists largely of sentimental narrative verse that tells the story of the demise of its typically named subjects, and seeks to console their mourners with descriptions of their happy afterlife. The genre achieved its peak of popularity in the decade of the 1870s. While usually full chiefly of conventional pious sentiments, the obituary poets in one sense continue the program of meditations on death begun by the eighteenth-century graveyard poets, such as Edward Young's Night Thoughts, and as such continue one of the themes that went into literary Romanticism.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreOccasionalpoetry
occasional poetry - Occasional poetry is poetry composed for a particular occasion. In the history of literature, it is often studied in connection with orality, performance, and patronage.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreOde
ode - Lyric poems of exalted emotion devoted to the praise or celebration of its subject; often employing complex or irregular metrical form.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreOneactplay
one act play -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreOpera
opera -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreOratorio
oratorio -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreOriental
oriental -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePageant
pageant -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePanegyric
panegyric - A speech or poem designed to praise another person or group. In ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric, it was one branch of public speaking, with established rules and conventions found in the works of Menander and Hermogenes. Famous examples include Pliny's eulogy on Emperor Trajan and Isocrates' oration on the Olympic games of 380.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePantomime
pantomime -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreParable
parable - Short, fictitious stories that illustrate a moral attitude or religious principle.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreParatexts
paratexts -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreParody
parody - A parody (/ˈpærədi/; also called spoof, send-up, take-off or lampoon), in use, is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, "parody … is imitation, not always at the expense of the parodied text." Another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as "any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice."Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music (although "parody" in music has an earlier, somewhat different meaning than for other art forms), animation, gaming and film. The writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche ("a composition in another artist's manner, without satirical intent") and burlesque (which "fools around with the material of high literature and adapts it to low ends"). Meanwhile, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot distinguishes between the parody and the burlesque, "A good parody is a fine amusement, capable of amusing and instructing the most sensible and polished minds; the burlesque is a miserable buffoonery which can only please the populace." Historically, when a formula grows tired, as in the case of the moralistic melodramas in the 1910s, it retains value only as a parody, as demonstrated by the Buster Keaton shorts that mocked that genre. In his 1960 anthology of parody from the 14th through 20th centuries, critic Dwight Macdonald offered this metaphor: "Parody is making a new wine that tastes like the old but has a slightly lethal effect."
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePastoral
pastoral - Genre that depicts or evokes idyllic life in the country; in works of pictorial art, often scenes of shepherds and shepherdesses in idealized arcadian landscapes. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePedagogy
pedagogy -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePerformancepoetry
performance poetry - Performance poetry is poetry that is specifically composed for or during a performance before an audience. During the 1980s, the term came into popular usage to describe poetry written or composed for performance rather than print distribution.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePeriodical
periodical - Publications issued at regular intervals, but not daily, containing articles on various subjects by different authors for the general reader. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePetition
petition - Includes any written requests and lists of signatures submitted to an authority to appeal for the performance of specific action. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePhilosophical
philosophical -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePhilosophy
philosophy - (Greek, "Love of wisdom"): The methodical and systematic exploration of what we know, how we know it, and why it is important that we know it. Too frequently, students use the term somewhat nebulously. They often mistakenly state, "My philosophy about X is . . ." when they really mean, "My opinion about X is . . ." or "My attitude toward X is . . ." Traditional areas of Western philosophic inquiry include the following areas.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePicaresque
picaresque - The picaresque novel (Spanish: "picaresca," from "pícaro," for "rogue" or "rascal") is a genre of prose fiction which depicts the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his wits in a corrupt society. Picaresque novels typically adopt a realistic style, with elements of comedy and satire. This style of novel originated in 16th-century Spain and flourished throughout Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It continues to influence modern literature. According to the traditional view of Thrall and Hibbard (first published in 1936), seven qualities distinguish the picaresque novel or narrative form, all or some of which may be employed for effect by the author. (1) A picaresque narrative is usually written in first person as an autobiographical account. (2) The main character is often of low character or social class. He or she gets by with wit and rarely deigns to hold a job. (3) There is no plot. The story is told in a series of loosely connected adventures or episodes. (4) There is little if any character development in the main character. Once a picaro, always a picaro. His or her circumstances may change but they rarely result in a change of heart. (5) The picaro's story is told with a plainness of language or realism. (6) Satire might sometimes be a prominent element. (7) The behavior of a picaresque hero or heroine stops just short of criminality. Carefree or immoral rascality positions the picaresque hero as a sympathetic outsider, untouched by the false rules of society. However, Trall and Hibbert's thesis has been questioned by scholars[specify] interested in how genre functions, rather than how it looks on the surface.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePindaric
pindaric -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePoetry
poetry - Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePolemic
polemic - Aggressive, forcefully presented arguments, often disputing a policy or opinion.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePoliticalwriting
political writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePopular
popular - Visual arts produced by or for the general public, often reflecting fads and as a response to the daily environment; works produced for mass audiences as distinct from fine art and folk art. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePrayer
prayer - Documents containing prayers that are associated with donning official priestly vestments or transfer of vestments, most commonly in Christian contexts.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePrefatorypiece
prefatory piece -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreProletarianwriting
proletarianwriting -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePrologue
prologue - (1) In original Greek tragedy, the prologue was either the action or a set of introductory speeches before the first entry (parados) of the chorus. Here, a single actor's monologue or a dialogue between two actors would establish the play's background events. (2) In later literature, a prologue is a section of any introductory material before the first chapter or the main material of a prose work, or any such material before the first stanza of a poetic work.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePropaganda
propaganda - Ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to support one cause or individual or to damage another. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreProphecy
prophecy - Prophecy involves a process in which one or more messages allegedly communicated to a prophet are then communicated to other people. Such messages typically involve] inspiration, interpretation, or revelation of events to come (compare divine knowledge). Historically, clairvoyance has been used[by whom?] as an adjunct to prophecy.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePsalm
psalm -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePsychoanalytical
psychoanalytical -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreQuiz
quiz -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRadiodrama
radio drama -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRealist
realist -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRegional
regional - Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreReligious
religious -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreReview
review -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRevue
revue - Periodicals, reports, or essays giving critical estimates and appraisals of art, a performance, or event. For other critical descriptions and analyses, prefer "criticism." Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRiddle
riddle - (from Old English roedel, from roedan meaning "to give council" or "to read"): A universal form of literature in which a puzzling question or a conundrum is presented to the reader. The reader is often challenged to solve this enigma, which requires ingenuity in discovering the hidden meaning. A riddle may involve puns, symbolism, synecdoche, personification (especially prosopopoeia), or unusual imagery. For instance, a Norse riddle asks, "Tell me what I am. Thirty white horses round a red hill. First they champ. Then they stamp. Now they stand still." The answer is the speaker's teeth; these thirty white horses circle the "red hill" of the tongue; they champ and stamp while the riddler speaks, but stand still at the end of his riddle. Another famous example is the riddle of the sphinx from Sophocles' Oedipus Trilogy. The sphinx asks Oedipus, "What goes on four feet, on two feet, and then three. But the more feet it goes on, the weaker is he?" The answer is a human being, which crawls as an infant, walks erect on two feet as an adult, and totters on a staff (the third leg) in old age. The earliest known English riddles are recorded in the Exeter Book, and they probably date back to the 8th century. Examples, however, can be found in Greek, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, and Chinese, and many other languages. Authors of Anglo-Latin riddles include Aldhelm of Sherborne, Archbishop Tatwine of Canterbury, and Abbot Eusebius of Wearmouth. A large Renaissance collection can also be found in Nicolas Reusner's Aenigmatographia (1602).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRomance
romance - Poetic or prosaic literary forms derived from medieval narratives of love, legendary or heroic adventures, and chivalry. Extends to narratives about important religious figures, or fantastic or supernatural events.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSagewriting
sage writing - Sage writing was a genre of creative nonfiction popular in the Victorian era. The concept originates with John Holloway's 1953 book The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument. Sage writing is a development from ancient wisdom literature in which the writer chastises and instructs the reader about contemporary social issues, often utilizing discourses of philosophy, history, politics, and economics in non-technical ways. Prominent examples of the genre include writings by Thomas Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, John Ruskin, and Henry David Thoreau. Some 20th-century writers, such as Joan Didion and New Journalists such as Norman Mailer and Tom Wolfe, have also been identified as sage writers.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSatire
satire - Literary compositions in verse or prose, or ideas expressed as the subjects of art works, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreScholarship
scholarship -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSchoolfiction
school fiction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSciencefiction
science fiction - Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas." It usually eschews the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have at least a faint grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection has become tenuous or non-existent in much of science fiction.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreScientificwriting
scientific writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreScrapbook
scrapbook -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSensationnovel
sensation novel - The sensation novel was a literary genre of fiction popular in Great Britain in the 1860s and 1870s, following on from earlier melodramatic novels and the Newgate novels, which focused on tales woven around criminal biographies. It also drew on the gothic and romantic genres of fiction. The sensation novel's appearance notably follows the Industrial Revolution, which made books available on a mass scale for people of all social standings and increased the sensation novel's popularity. Sensation novels used both modes of romance and realism to the extreme where in the past they had traditionally been contradictory modes of literature. The sensation novelists commonly wrote stories that were allegorical and abstract; the abstract nature of the stories gave the authors room to explore scenarios that wrestled with the social anxieties of the Victorian Era. The loss of identity is seen in many sensation fiction stories because this was a common social anxiety; in Britain, there was an increased use in record keeping and therefore people questioned the meaning and permanence of identity. The social anxiety regarding identity is reflected in stories, such as, The Woman in White and Lady Audley's Secret. The genre of sensation fiction was established by the publications of the following novels The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins in 1859; East Lynne by Ellen Wood in 1861; Lady Audley's Secret by Mary Elizabeth Braddon in 1862. Perhaps the earliest use of the term, sensation fiction, as a name for such novels appears in the 1861 edition of the Saunders, Otley, & co.'s Literary Budget. The neo-Victorian novel of New Zealand author Eleanor Catton, The Luminaries, which won the 2013 Man Booker Prize, has been described as being heavily based on sensation literature, with its plot devices of "suspect wills and forged documents, secret marriages, illegitimacy and opium"
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSentimental
sentimental - The sentimental novel or the novel of sensibility is an 18th-century literary genre which celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism, and sensibility. Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction beginning in the eighteenth century in reaction to the rationalism of the Augustan Age. Sentimental novels relied on emotional response, both from their readers and characters. They feature scenes of distress and tenderness, and the plot is arranged to advance both emotions and actions. The result is a valorization of "fine feeling," displaying the characters as a model for refined, sensitive emotional effect. The ability to display feelings was thought to show character and experience, and to shape social life and relations.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSequel
sequel - (from Latin sequi, to follow): A literary work complete in itself, but continuing the narrative of an earlier work. It is a new story that extends or develops characters and situations found in an earlier work. Two sequels following an original work (together) are called a trilogy. Three sequels following an original work together are called a tetralogy.Often sequels have a reputation for inferior artistry compared to the original publication since they are often hastily written from the desire to capitalize on earlier financial success. Examples include Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer Abroad, which is a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and Alexandra Ripley's Scarlett, which is a sequel to Mitchell's Gone With the Wind. In the late twentieth century, it became common retroactively to write "prequels," a later book with the same geographic setting or characters, but which takes place in an earlier time.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSermon
sermon - A sermon is an oration, lecture, or talk by a member of a religious institution or clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, religious, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law or behavior within both past and present contexts. Elements of the sermon often include exposition, exhortation and practical application. In Christianity, a sermon (also known as a homily within some churches) is usually delivered in a place of worship from an elevated architectural feature, variously known as a pulpit, a lectern, or an ambo. The word "sermon" comes from a Middle English word which was derived from Old French, which in turn came from the Latin word sermō meaning "discourse". The word can mean "conversation", which could mean that early sermons were delivered in the form of question and answer, and that only later did it come to mean a monologue. However, the Bible contains many speeches without interlocution, which some take to be sermons: Moses in Deuteronomy 1-33 ; Jesus' sermon on the mount in Matthew 5-7 (though the gospel writers do not specifically call it a sermon; the popular descriptor for Christ's speech there came much later); Peter after Pentecost in Acts 2:14-40 (though this speech was delivered to nonbelievers and as such is not quite parallel to the popular definition of a sermon). In modern language, the word "sermon" is used in secular terms, pejoratively, to describe a lengthy or tedious speech delivered with great passion, by any person, to an uninterested audience. A sermonette is a short sermon (usually associated with television broadcasting, as stations would present a sermonette before signing off for the night).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSexualawakeningfiction
sexual awakening fiction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreShortstory
short story - Relatively brief invented prose narratives.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSilverforknovel
silverfork novel -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSketch
sketch - Short literary compositions on single subjects, often presenting the personal view of the author.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSketchbook
sketch book - Books or pads of blank sheets used or intended for sketching, which are informal or rough drawings. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSlavenarrative
slave narrative -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSocialscience
social science -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSong
song - A lyric poem with a number of repeating stanzas (called refrains), written to be set to music in either vocal performance or with accompaniment of musical instruments. See dawn song and lyric, above and stanza, below.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSonnet
sonnet - Poems consisting of 14 decasyllabic lines, often in a rhyming scheme. The sonnet form is considered to be of Italian origin, appearing in the 13th century in Sicily, after which it spread to Tuscany, where Petrarch perfected the form with his Canzioniere, a series of 317 sonnets to his idealized love, Laura. The Petrarchian sonnet has historically been the most widely used of the form, although the Elizabethan form (3 quatrains, with a final rhyming couplet) is also common.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSpeech
speech - Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTestimony
testimony - Solemn declarations, written or verbal; usually made orally by a witness under oath in response to interrogation by a lawyer or authorized public official, then reduced to writing for the record. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTextbook
textbook - Books used as standard works for the formal study of a particular subject. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTheatreofcruelty
theatre of cruelty -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTheatreoftheabsurd
theatre of the absurd -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTheology
theology -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreThesaurus
thesaurus -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreThriller
thriller -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTopographicalpoetry
topographical poetry - Topographical poetry or loco-descriptive poetry is a genre of poetry that describes, and often praises, a landscape or place. John Denham's 1642 poem "Cooper's Hill" established the genre, which peaked in popularity in 18th-century England. Examples of topographical verse date, however, to the late classical period, and can be found throughout the medieval era and during the Renaissance. Though the earliest examples come mostly from continental Europe, the topographical poetry in the tradition originating with Denham concerns itself with the classics, and many of the various types of topographical verse, such as river, ruin, or hilltop poems were established by the early 17th century. Alexander Pope's "Windsor Forest" (1713) and John Dyer's "Grongar Hill' (1762) are two other oft-mentioned examples. More recently, Matthew Arnold's "The Scholar Gipsy" (1853) praises the Oxfordshire countryside, and W. H. Auden's "In Praise of Limestone" (1948) uses a limestone landscape as an allegory. Subgenres of topographical poetry include the country house poem, written in 17th-century England to compliment a wealthy patron, and the prospect poem, describing the view from a distance or a temporal view into the future, with the sense of opportunity or expectation. When understood broadly as landscape poetry and when assessed from its establishment to the present, topographical poetry can take on many formal situations and types of places. Kenneth Baker identifies 37 varieties and compiles poems from the 16th through the 20th centuries—from Edmund Spenser to Sylvia Plath—correspondent to each type, from "Walks and Surveys," to "Mountains, Hills, and the View from Above," to "Violation of Nature and the Landscape," to "Spirits and Ghosts." Common aesthetic registers of which topographical poetry make use include pastoral imagery, the sublime, and the picturesque. These latter two registers subsume imagery of rivers, ruins, moonlight, birdsong, and clouds, peasants, mountains, caves, and waterscapes.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTractpamphlet
tract pamphlet -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTragedy
tragedy - Literary works of serious and dignified character that reach disastrous or sorrowful conclusions.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTragicomedy
tragicomedy - Tragicomedy is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic forms. Most often seen in dramatic literature, the term can variously describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic elements to lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTranslation
translation - Translated versions of a text.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTravelwriting
travel writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTreatise
treatise - Formal and systematic written expositions of the principles of a subject, generally longer and more detailed than essays.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreUtopia
utopia - An imaginary place or government in which political and social perfection has been reached in the material world as opposed to some spiritual afterlife as discussed in the Christian Bible or the Elysian fields of The Odyssey. The citizens of such utopias are typically universally clean, virtuous, healthy, and happy, or at least those who are criminals are always captured and appropriately punished. A utopian society is one that has cured all social ills. See discussion under Utopian literature, below. Contrast with dystopia. UTOPIANDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreVersenovel
verse novel - A verse novel is a type of narrative poetry in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. Either simple or complex stanzaic verse-forms may be used, but there will usually be a large cast, multiple voices, dialogue, narration, description, and action in a novelistic manner.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreVignette
vignette - In theatrical script writing, sketch stories, and poetry, a vignette is a short impressionistic scene that focuses on one moment or gives a trenchant impression about a character, idea, setting, or object.[citation needed] This type of scene is more common in recent postmodern theater, where less emphasis is placed on adhering to the conventions of theatrical structure and story development. Vignettes have been particularly influenced by contemporary notions of a scene as shown in film, video and television scripting. It is also a part of something bigger than itself: for example, a vignette about a house belonging to a collection of vignettes or a whole story, such as The House On Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros. A blog can provide a form of vignette.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreVillanelle
villanelle - A versatile genre of poetry consisting of nineteen lines--five tercets and a concluding quatrain. The form requires that whole lines be repeated in a specific order, and that only two rhyming sounds occur in the course of the poem. A number of English poets, including Oscar Wilde, W. E. Henley, and W. H. Auden have experimented with it. Here is an example of an opening stanza to one poem by W. E. Henley: Probably the most famous English villanelle is Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night."Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreYoungadultwriting
young adult writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#anglicanChurch
Church of England - A Christian denomination having both Protestant and Catholic aspects that originated with Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church (ca. 1532-34). As the official state Church of England, the monarch of England is still formally considered its head. While at first it remained mainly Catholic in character, reforms came under Edward IV and Elizabeth I who introduced doctrine that was more Protestant in nature, namely new editions of the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-nine Articles. Although an overall attitude of toleration exists in the modern Anglican Church, tension remains between its Protestant and Catholic inclinations as well as with newer liberal and evangelical influences. Anglicanism is based on episcopal authority and parish structure is fundamental to the organization of the church. The term is used with regard to the Church of England; with regard to the Episcopal Church in America, use "Episcopal."
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#baptistChurch
Baptist - Refers to a Protestant denomination centered around the belief that the sacrament of baptism should only be administered to adult members after a personal profession of belief in Jesus Christ. Baptism in this faith is usually done by full immersion. Emphasis is placed on biblical scripture and preaching. The Baptist denomination is primarily derived from early 17th-century England and Wales where it quickly spread although there are some links with the Anabaptists of the 16th century. Baptist churches very rapidly increased in the late 19th century in the United States.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#buddhism
boeddhisme - Refers to the philosophy and religion based on the enlightenment and teachings of the Buddha Gautama in the early sixth century BCE in the northeastern region of modern India. Playing dominant roles in the art and culture of Southeast Asia and East Asia, this religion is based on the transcendence of human suffering and pain through the acceptance of the limitations of individuality, the surrender of worldly desires and cravings that cause disappointment and sorrow, and the deliverance from the impermanence of living and individual ego based on wealth, social position, or family through the process of enlightenment (nirvana). The religion also centers around 'anatman', or no-self, the idea that the self is in a state of action or a series of changing manifestations rather than in a state of fixed, metaphysical substance. The structure of the religion is based on the Triratna ("Three Jewels" of Buddha), a tripartite schematic for living based on three elements: Buddha (the teacher), dharma (the teaching), and sangha (community).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#catholicChurch
Roman Catholic - Refers to the branch of Christianity characterized by a uniform, highly developed ritual canon and organizational structure with doctrinal roots based in the teachings of the Apostles of Jesus Christ in the first century, in the Alexandrian school of theology, and in Augustinian thought. In this religious branch, faith is considered an acceptance of revelation; revelation appears as doctrine. In juridical terms, it refers to the branch of Christianity distinguished as a unified, monolithic sacramental system under the governance of papal authority. Throughout much of its history, the seat of the Pope has been in Rome, thus "Roman Catholicism" is often used to distinguish this concept from the Orthodox Catholic church.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#christianity
Christianity - Refers to the world religion and culture that developed in the first century CE, driven by the teachings of Jesus Christ of Nazareth. Its roots are in the Judaic tradition and the Old Testament. The tenets include a belief in the death and redemptive resurrection of Jesus. The religion incorporates a tradition of faith, ritual, and a form of church authority or leadership.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#churchOfChristianScience
Christian Scientist - Refers to a Christian denomination and movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) that seeks to reinstate the Christian message of salvation from all evil, including sickness and disease as well as sin. Eddy, a semi-invalid who was interested in cures not involving medicine, claimed a recovery from a bad injury without medical assistance in 1866. Afterwards, she devoted herself to restoring the healing emphasis of early Christianity. In 1875 she finished writing the first edition of the 'Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.' This work and the Bible are the principal texts of the movement and importance has been laid on establishing reading rooms where these works can make their own appeal to readers. The 'Christian Science Monitor' is also published by the denomination. Christian Science believes that ignorance is at the root of human unease and thus 'dis-ease.' Instead of seeking medical treatment, special Christian Science healers are to be consulted for spiritual healing. Health, happiness, and holiness can be restored by applying to all aspects of life practices and attitudes in keeping with the principal of divine harmony. The first Church of Christ, Scientist was founded in 1879 in Boston and its headquarters remain there.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hinduism
Hinduism - General term for the set of intellectual and philosophical tenets and highly diverse beliefs and practices that define the civilization, art, literature, society, and politics of the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is not a common set of rigid beliefs , but varies significantly between different regions; it includes Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Srauta, and numerous other traditions. Among other practices and philosophies, Hinduism includes a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on karma, dharma, and societal norms. The highest divine powers are seen as complementary to one another and not exclusive. Hinduism does not have a particular founder or central authority. Hindu literature is rich and varied, with no one text considered uniquely authoritative. The Vedas, dating to the Vedic period (ca. 1200-500 BCE), are the earliest extant writings. Religious law books and epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have been and continue to be highly influential.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#islam
Islamism - Refers to the religious beliefs and social practices founded in the seventh century by the Arabian Prophet Muhammad, held to be the last of a series of major prophets, which include, according to Islamic dogma, Adam, Noah, and Jesus. It later spread throughout the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and parts of Asia. It is characterized by the belief in the fundamental idea that a devotee 'surrenders' and submits his will to Allah, the prime creator and sustainer of the universe and all creation. In Islam, God is unique and has no partner or intermediary as in the Christian Trinity. Social service and the active alleviation of suffering in others is considered the only path to salvation and prayer and sacred ritual alone are inadequate forms of submission to Allah. The Qur'an (Koran), the sacred text of the religion, is a compilation of revelations from Allah believed to have been received by Muhammad.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#jewishReligion
Jewish - Refers to the monotheistic religion of the Jewish people, central to which is the belief that the ancient Israelites experienced God's presence in human events. Jews believe that the one God delivered the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt, revealed the structure of communal and individual life to them, and chose them to be a holy nation of people able to set an example for all humankind. The Hebrew Bible and Talmud are the two primary sources for Judaism's spiritual and ethical principles. The religion, which traces its origins to Abraham, places more emphasis on expressing beliefs through ritual rather than through abstract doctrine. The Sabbath, beginning on sunset on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday, is the central religious observance; there is also an annual cycle of religious festivals and days of fasting. Judaism has had a diverse history of development over almost 4000 years, with a number of resulting branches in modern times, namely Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#presbyterianism
Presbyterian - One of the main Protestant groups that arose out of the 16th-century Reformation. Generally speaking, modern Presbyterian churches trace their origins to the Calvinist churches of the British Isles, the European counterparts of which came to be known by the more inclusive name of Reformed. The term presbyterian also denotes a collegiate type of church government led by pastors and lay leaders called elders or presbyters. Strictly speaking, all Presbyterian churches are a part of the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition, although not all Reformed churches are presbyterian in their form of government.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#protestantism
Protestantism - The general term for types of Christian faith originating from the Reformation. Although the early forms of Protestantism were those who followed Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli, the term now includes most non-Roman Catholic or non-Orthodox denominations. Protestants want to be closer to the style of faith of the early Church which they feel has been obscured in Catholic practices. The term derives from the word 'protestari' which means not only to protest but to avow or confess. Common characteristics of Protestantism include the justification by faith alone, the authority of scripture, and the priesthood of all believers, in which not only the clergy are able to hear the confession of sin.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#agnosticism
Agnosticism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#atheism
Atheism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#churchOfEngland
Church of England -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#congregationalChurch
Congregational Church -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#churchOfIreland
Church of Ireland -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#dissenters
Dissenters -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#dissentingChurches
Dissenting Churches -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#fifthMonarchists
Fifth Monarchists -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#lollards
Lollards -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#methodistChurch
Methodist Church -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#millenarianism
Millenarianism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#neo-thomism
Neo-thomism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#occultism
Occultism/Theosophism - Any religious or philosophic ideology based on mystical insight into the nature of God and/or divine truth. This insight is attained only through direct experience of the divine. The term is sometimes used to specifically refer to the principles of the Theosophical Society founded in New York in 1875 by Madame Blavatsky and H. S. Olcott which incorporated aspects of Buddhism and Brahmanism.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#pagan
Pagan -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#plymouthBrethren
Plymouth Brethren -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#quakers
Quaker - Quakers (or Friends) are members of a group of religious Christian movements which is known as the Religious Society of Friends in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and parts of North America; and known as the Friends Church in Africa, Asia, South America and parts of the US. The movements were originally, and are still predominantly based on Christianity. Members of the movements profess the priesthood of all believers, a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity. To differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were approximately 359,000 adult Quakers.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#rationalDissenter
Rational Dissenter -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#societyOfFriends
Society of Friends -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#spiritualism
Spiritualism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#tractarianMovement
Tractarian Movement -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#unitarianism
Unitarianism - The liberal Protestant movement that arose in Europe during the 16th century Reformation, was embodied in a church in Transylvania, and achieved denominational status in the 19th century in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. It is characterized by a denial of the orthodox Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, the free use of reason in religion, and the belief that God exists in one person. In 1961, in the United States and Canada, it merged with the Universalist denomination to form "Unitarian Universalism." Use also generally for the theological doctrines of the unified nature of God and the humanity of Jesus, first expressed in second- and third-century monarchism and in the teachings of Arius in the third and fourth centuries, and later in the radical Neoplatonist thinkers of the Reformation such as Michael Servetus, Faustus Socinus, and Ferenc David.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Religion
Religion - A subclass of CulturalForm, this describes a person's religion(s) or belief system(s). Note that while atheism denotes the absence of religion, we use the Religion label for convinience.
Concepts: agnosticism, anglicanChurch, atheism, baptistChurch, buddhism, catholicChurch, christianity, churchOfChristianScience, churchOfEngland, churchOfIreland, congregationalChurch, dissenters, dissentingChurches, fifthMonarchists, hinduism, islam, jewishReligion, lollards, methodistChurch, millenarianism, neo-thomism, occultism, pagan, plymouthBrethren, presbyterianism, protestantism, quakers, rationalDissenter, societyOfFriends, spiritualism, tractarianMovement, unitarianism,
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#SocialClassIdentity
Social Class Identity - A subclass of culturalForms, Social Class terms associate subjects with a specific social group, recognizing that such categories and their application to individuals are contested and can change over time. The association may be or have been embraced by the subject by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. Unlike Notes typed as socialClassContext, which contain detailed discussion of a subject's class position, socialClass links to a word or phrase signifying a particular construction of class, with particular reference to earlier historical periods in the British Isles. Social class has been variously constructed and theorized, and for women is further complicated by the fact that women were understood to take their social status from fathers and/or husbands. The terminology used here reflects quite basic social groupings that intersect with other factors such as wealth.
Concepts:
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#TextLabels
Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup. -
Concepts: FemaleLabel, blackLabel, englandLabel, englishLabel, jewishLabel, maleLabel, manLabel, whiteLabel, womanLabel,
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Genre
literary genre -
Concepts: genreAbridgement, genreAclef, genreAcrostic, genreAdaptation, genreAdventurewriting, genreAdvertisingcopy, genreAfterpiece, genreAfterword, genreAgitprop, genreAllegory, genreAnagram, genreAnnotation, genreAnswer, genreAnthem, genreAnthology, genreAntiromance, genreAphorism, genreApology, genreArtcriticism, genreAutobiography, genreBallade, genreBalladopera, genreBallet, genreBergamasque, genreBestiary, genreBiblicalparaphrase, genreBildungsroman, genreBiographicaldictionary, genreBiography, genreBisexualfiction, genreBlackcomedy, genreBoutsrimes, genreBroadside, genreBurletta, genreCabaret, genreCaptivitynarrative, genreCatechism, genreChapbook, genreCharacter, genreCharade, genreChildrensLiterature, genreClerihew, genreClosetdrama, genreColouringbook, genreComedy, genreComedyofintrigue, genreComedyofmanners, genreComedyofmenace, genreComicbook, genreComingout, genreCommonplacebook, genreCompanion, genreComputerprogram, genreConditionofenglandnovel, genreConductliterature, genreCookbook, genreCourtshipfiction, genreCriminology, genreDedication, genreDetective, genreDevotional, genreDialogueofthedead, genreDialogueordebate, genreDiary, genreDictionary, genreDidactic, genreDirectory, genreDissertation, genreDocumentary, genreDomestic, genreDrama, genreDramaticmonologue, genreDreamvision, genreDystopia, genreEclogue, genreElegy, genreEncyclopaedia, genreEpic, genreEpigram, genreEpilogue, genreEpistle, genreEpistolary, genreEpitaph, genreEpithalamium, genreEpyllion, genreEroticapornography, genreEssay, genreEulogy, genreExhibitioncatalogue, genreFable, genreFabliau, genreFairytale, genreFantasy, genreFarce, genreFeminist, genreFeministtheory, genreFiction, genreFilmtvscript, genreFolksong, genreGardeningbook, genreGenealogy, genreGeorgic, genreGhoststory, genreGiftbook, genreGothic, genreGovernmentreport, genreGrammar, genreGraveyardpoetry, genreGuidebook, genreHagiography, genreHaiku, genreHarlequinade, genreHeroic, genreHistorical, genreHistory, genreHymn, genreImitation, genreIndustrialnovel, genreIntroduction, genreJournalism, genreJuvenilia, genreKitchensinkdrama, genreKunstlerroman, genreLais, genreLampoon, genreLegalwriting, genreLegendFolktale, genreLesbian, genreLetter, genreLettersfromthedeadtotheliving, genreLibretto, genreLiteraryCriticism, genreLiturgy, genreLove, genreLyric, genreMagicrealist, genreManifesto, genreManual, genreMap, genreMasque, genreMedicalwriting, genreMelodrama, genreMixedmedia, genreMockforms, genreMonologue, genreMoralitymysteryplay, genreMultimedia, genreMusicology, genreMystery, genreMyth, genreNarrativepoetry, genreNationaltale, genreNotebook, genreNovel, genreNovella, genreNurseryrhyme, genreObituary, genreOccasionalpoetry, genreOde, genreOneactplay, genreOpera, genreOratorio, genreOriental, genrePageant, genrePanegyric, genrePantomime, genreParable, genreParatexts, genreParody, genrePastoral, genrePedagogy, genrePerformancepoetry, genrePeriodical, genrePetition, genrePhilosophical, genrePhilosophy, genrePicaresque, genrePindaric, genrePoetry, genrePolemic, genrePoliticalwriting, genrePopular, genrePrayer, genrePrefatorypiece, genreProletarianwriting, genrePrologue, genrePropaganda, genreProphecy, genrePsalm, genrePsychoanalytical, genreQuiz, genreRadiodrama, genreRealist, genreRegional, genreReligious, genreReview, genreRevue, genreRiddle, genreRomance, genreSagewriting, genreSatire, genreScholarship, genreSchoolfiction, genreSciencefiction, genreScientificwriting, genreScrapbook, genreSensationnovel, genreSentimental, genreSequel, genreSermon, genreSexualawakeningfiction, genreShortstory, genreSilverforknovel, genreSketch, genreSketchbook, genreSlavenarrative, genreSocialscience, genreSong, genreSonnet, genreSpeech, genreTestimony, genreTextbook, genreTheatreofcruelty, genreTheatreoftheabsurd, genreTheology, genreThesaurus, genreThriller, genreTopographicalpoetry, genreTractpamphlet, genreTragedy, genreTragicomedy, genreTranslation, genreTravelwriting, genreTreatise, genreUtopia, genreVersenovel, genreVignette, genreVillanelle, genreYoungadultwriting,
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Actor
Actor - A person performing a certain role within an event.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Address
address - A mailling or street address.
Comment: The postal address is the equivalent of a schema.org address and inherits all of the data from that vocabulary to markup a modern postral address.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Context
Context - A context relates....
Comment: A context relates....
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#CulturalForm
Cultural Form - Cultural forms refers to the processes of lived social subjectivities of people and is often combined with predicates indicating the identity positions as they relate to the following discursive constructions of Class, Religion, Ethnicity, Gender, GeographicalHeritage, LinguisticAbility, NationalHeritage, NationalIdentity, PoliticalAffiliation, RaceColour, Sexuality. These categories are not understood as transhistorical or isolated categories. Rather, they facilitate analysis of how such situationally contingent, changing, and negotiated labels are assigned to or adopted by a particular individual. The tensions endemic to practices of classification demand critical engagement and inquiry into the situatedness of particular cultural identities.
Comment: Cultural forms refers to the processes of lived social subjectivities of people and is often combined with predicates indicating the identity positions as they relate to the following discursive constructions of Class, Religion, Ethnicity, Gender, GeographicalHeritage, LinguisticAbility, NationalHeritage, NationalIdentity, PoliticalAffiliation, RaceColour, Sexuality. These categories are not understood as transhistorical or isolated categories. Rather, they facilitate analysis of how such situationally contingent, changing, and negotiated labels are assigned to or adopted by a particular individual. The tensions endemic to practices of classification demand critical engagement and inquiry into the situatedness of particular cultural identities.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Ethnicity
Ethnicity - Ethnicity is a subclass of CulturalForm that captures information about a person's ethnic position. Ethnicity is a sub-element within culturalFormation and raceAndEthnicity. See raceAndEthnicity for a detailed description of the complexities of this discursive construction and the social practices surrounding it.
Comment: Ethnicity is a subclass of CulturalForm that captures information about a person's ethnic position. Ethnicity is a sub-element within culturalFormation and raceAndEthnicity. See raceAndEthnicity for a detailed description of the complexities of this discursive construction and the social practices surrounding it.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#EthnicityContext
Racial, Colour or Ethnicity Context -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Event
Event (Historical) - An event that occurs in space and time.
Comment: An event that occurs in space and time.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Gender
Gender - A subclass of culturalForms for noting a person's gender whether attributed or self-defined. Although in popular culture gender and biological sex are conflated and understood to be binary, the concept of gender stresses the relationality, constructedness, and performativity of gendered identities and gendered behaviour, whose categories are historically contingent and shifting, and the boundaries between them blurry. Cf. Simone de Beauvoir: "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman," along with many other theorists of gender including Judith Butler, 1990. Gender is understood as fluid, situational, and sometimes plural, and it is related to though not commensurate with sexual identity and orientation. It is related to but not defined by specific forms of embodiment. Rather than seeing biological sex as a pre-social or natural given, the body is understood as a site of inscription (cf. Elizabeth Grosz 1994) which is also socially constructed and indeed epigenetically shaped by environmental factors (N. Katherine Hayles 2012). This ontology therefore does not provide separate terms for sex as distinct from gender. Instead, the slashes conjoining terms associated with gender and those conventionally associated with sex indicate the constant slippage between gender and sex in the way that these categories circulate through discourses, actions, and institutions. Far from indicating a universal facet of experience, gender intersects with other identity categories and axes of oppression such as class, race or colour, or geographical heritage to produced quite different interests and experiences among people of the same gender, as with the intersection of religion and white masculine identity in the Muscular Christianity movement in nineteenth-century Britain. Being a woman of colour may thus compound the impacts of gender oppression (Kimberlé Crenshaw 1989).
Comment: A subclass of culturalForms for noting a person's gender whether attributed or self-defined. Although in popular culture gender and biological sex are conflated and understood to be binary, the concept of gender stresses the relationality, constructedness, and performativity of gendered identities and gendered behaviour, whose categories are historically contingent and shifting, and the boundaries between them blurry. Cf. Simone de Beauvoir: "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman," along with many other theorists of gender including Judith Butler, 1990. Gender is understood as fluid, situational, and sometimes plural, and it is related to though not commensurate with sexual identity and orientation. It is related to but not defined by specific forms of embodiment. Rather than seeing biological sex as a pre-social or natural given, the body is understood as a site of inscription (cf. Elizabeth Grosz 1994) which is also socially constructed and indeed epigenetically shaped by environmental factors (N. Katherine Hayles 2012). This ontology therefore does not provide separate terms for sex as distinct from gender. Instead, the slashes conjoining terms associated with gender and those conventionally associated with sex indicate the constant slippage between gender and sex in the way that these categories circulate through discourses, actions, and institutions. Far from indicating a universal facet of experience, gender intersects with other identity categories and axes of oppression such as class, race or colour, or geographical heritage to produced quite different interests and experiences among people of the same gender, as with the intersection of religion and white masculine identity in the Muscular Christianity movement in nineteenth-century Britain. Being a woman of colour may thus compound the impacts of gender oppression (Kimberlé Crenshaw 1989).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#GenderContext
Gender Context -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Genre
literary genre -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#GeographicalHeritage
Geographical Heritage - GeographicalHeritage is a subclass of CulturalForm that captures information about the geographical origins of a person's family which often contributes to an understanding of their racial and ethnic background. It offers a way to capture women identified as "South-Asian," for example, when no more precise national heritage is indicated. See raceAndEthnicity for a detailed description of the complexities of this element.
Comment: GeographicalHeritage is a subclass of CulturalForm that captures information about the geographical origins of a person's family which often contributes to an understanding of their racial and ethnic background. It offers a way to capture women identified as "South-Asian," for example, when no more precise national heritage is indicated. See raceAndEthnicity for a detailed description of the complexities of this element.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Language
Linguistic Ability - These terms do not differentiate between spoken and/or written. For operational reasons this class is a direct equivalent to ISO639 language code as published by the Library of Congress.
Comment: These terms do not differentiate between spoken and/or written. For operational reasons this class is a direct equivalent to ISO639 language code as published by the Library of Congress.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#LanguageContext
Language Context -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#LinguisticAbility
Linguistic Ability (Spoken and/or Writen) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#NationalHeritage
National Heritage - A subclass of culturalForms, this descrbes a person's national heritage and is not the same as citizenship.
Comment: A subclass of culturalForms, this descrbes a person's national heritage and is not the same as citizenship.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#NationalIdentity
National Identity - A subclass of culturalForms, this descrbes a person's nationality/ies and is not the same as citizenship.
Comment: A subclass of culturalForms, this descrbes a person's nationality/ies and is not the same as citizenship.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#NationalityContext
Nationality Context -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Place
Place - A named place, wheter incorporated, settled or occupied.
Comment: Could be a populated place according to Geonames, but not necessarily so. Some places, such as cross-roads are named without having a population or settlement per say. The geonames is incosistent in this regards in that a populated place can be abandonned.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#PoliticalAffiliation
Political Affiliation - This subclass of CulturalForm tracks the affiliations, connections and associations which designate a person's political involvement. These affiliations can be both formal connections to a party or organization and informal political positions held by the writer. We hope to point our readers towards women writers associated with different political positions and help researchers make links between political beliefs and writing. For this reason, we are defining political affiliations broadly and include things like "against capital punishment" or "strong supporter of the Empire" in addition to more straightforward affiliations such as "marxist" or "conservative."
Comment: This subclass of CulturalForm tracks the affiliations, connections and associations which designate a person's political involvement. These affiliations can be both formal connections to a party or organization and informal political positions held by the writer. We hope to point our readers towards women writers associated with different political positions and help researchers make links between political beliefs and writing. For this reason, we are defining political affiliations broadly and include things like "against capital punishment" or "strong supporter of the Empire" in addition to more straightforward affiliations such as "marxist" or "conservative."
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#PoliticalContext
Political Context -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#RaceColour
Race and/or Colour -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#RaceEthnicity
Race and/or Ethnicity -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#RaceEthnicityContext
Race Ethnicity Context - raceEthnicityContext is a significant sub-class within culturalForms. It indicates the presence of information and discussions of a person's subject position with regards to race and ethnicity by working in conjunction with subject specific sub-elements (raceColour, nationalHeritage, geogHeritage, ethnicity). The following discussion applies to both the general discursive context of raceAndEthnicity as well as the specific sub-class categories. Despite the ways in which categories of race and ethnicity frequently serve heinous interests, their ideological and material impacts in the formation of identities requires recognition. These are shifting, historically constituted, and interestedly deployed categories whose use must be situated contextually and which are understood here finally as discursive or representational. Because of this this ontology does not try to lay out an exact, fully defined, or mutually exclusive set of categories: this is an impossibility given their shifting use and the overlap among them. Those applying this class and its subclasses are encouraged not to let privileged identities operate as an unspoken given or to use this class solely in relation to the marginalized. Those concerned about "white" and "black" as homogenizing categories are encouraged to reach for specificity through multiplicity and representations of intersectionality. RaceAndEthnicity is a sub-class within culturalFormation. It has four related content sub-classes: raceColour, nationalHeritage, geogHeritage, and ethnicity.
Comment: raceEthnicityContext is a significant sub-class within culturalForms. It indicates the presence of information and discussions of a person's subject position with regards to race and ethnicity by working in conjunction with subject specific sub-elements (raceColour, nationalHeritage, geogHeritage, ethnicity). The following discussion applies to both the general discursive context of raceAndEthnicity as well as the specific sub-class categories. Despite the ways in which categories of race and ethnicity frequently serve heinous interests, their ideological and material impacts in the formation of identities requires recognition. These are shifting, historically constituted, and interestedly deployed categories whose use must be situated contextually and which are understood here finally as discursive or representational. Because of this this ontology does not try to lay out an exact, fully defined, or mutually exclusive set of categories: this is an impossibility given their shifting use and the overlap among them. Those applying this class and its subclasses are encouraged not to let privileged identities operate as an unspoken given or to use this class solely in relation to the marginalized. Those concerned about "white" and "black" as homogenizing categories are encouraged to reach for specificity through multiplicity and representations of intersectionality. RaceAndEthnicity is a sub-class within culturalFormation. It has four related content sub-classes: raceColour, nationalHeritage, geogHeritage, and ethnicity.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Religion
Religion - A subclass of CulturalForm, this describes a person's religion(s) or belief system(s). Note that while atheism denotes the absence of religion, we use the Religion label for convinience.
Comment: A subclass of CulturalForm, this describes a person's religion(s) or belief system(s). Note that while atheism denotes the absence of religion, we use the Religion label for convinience.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#ReligionContext
Religious Context -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#Sexuality
Sexuality - These terms capture in a word or phrase identifications of sexuality (i.e., "lesbian," "monogamous," "heterosexual") not as a means of shutting down but advancing investigation and critical analysis of these identifications. The association assumes that sexual identity does not function in an essentialist manner but can be plural and fluid, so multiple designations can be applied to a single person. Assertions of sexual itentity may come from the subject her/himself or from others. They may be in tension or mutually exclusive, and they may reflect different life stages. Linking to the term "lesbian" as a sexualIdentity class, for instance, does not signify that the subject was in any definitive sense a lesbian; such identifications are often impossible for reasons of historical gaps and silences. As far as living persons are concerned, our practice is to draw only on widely circulated public sources or disclosures from the subject her/himself in order to avoid inadvertently outing someone. See Campbell and Cowan 2016
Comment: These terms capture in a word or phrase identifications of sexuality (i.e., "lesbian," "monogamous," "heterosexual") not as a means of shutting down but advancing investigation and critical analysis of these identifications. The association assumes that sexual identity does not function in an essentialist manner but can be plural and fluid, so multiple designations can be applied to a single person. Assertions of sexual itentity may come from the subject her/himself or from others. They may be in tension or mutually exclusive, and they may reflect different life stages. Linking to the term "lesbian" as a sexualIdentity class, for instance, does not signify that the subject was in any definitive sense a lesbian; such identifications are often impossible for reasons of historical gaps and silences. As far as living persons are concerned, our practice is to draw only on widely circulated public sources or disclosures from the subject her/himself in order to avoid inadvertently outing someone. See Campbell and Cowan 2016
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#SexualityContext
Sexuality Context - hasSexualityContext is a significant sub-class within culturalForms. It indicates the presence of information and discussions of a person's subject position with regards to their sexuality and sexual identity. A subclass of Cultural Formation, hasSexualityContext provides depth to more granual categorizations of a person through hasSexuality or hasSexuality. It is not meant to capture individual sexual experiences and relationships, which are covered by intimateRelationships. Specific relationships may be invoked here to indicate the effect on a subject's life and understanding of her own sexuality. This effort to to contextualize gestures towards some of the complicated issues around sexuality, for example, the politics of outing, the historical specificity of some categories such as "congenital invert," or the multiple forms of relating to one's own sexuality. Capturing discussions of her sexuality within this element, will help users interested in the historical, ideological and gendered constructions of sexuality. There are important politics of privacy with respect to the disclosure of a subject's sexuality, sexual orientation and sexual identity. As far as living persons are concerned, our practice is to draw only on widely circulated public sources or disclosures from the subject her/himself in order to avoid inadvertently outing someone. See Campbell and Cowan 2016
Comment: hasSexualityContext is a significant sub-class within culturalForms. It indicates the presence of information and discussions of a person's subject position with regards to their sexuality and sexual identity. A subclass of Cultural Formation, hasSexualityContext provides depth to more granual categorizations of a person through hasSexuality or hasSexuality. It is not meant to capture individual sexual experiences and relationships, which are covered by intimateRelationships. Specific relationships may be invoked here to indicate the effect on a subject's life and understanding of her own sexuality. This effort to to contextualize gestures towards some of the complicated issues around sexuality, for example, the politics of outing, the historical specificity of some categories such as "congenital invert," or the multiple forms of relating to one's own sexuality. Capturing discussions of her sexuality within this element, will help users interested in the historical, ideological and gendered constructions of sexuality. There are important politics of privacy with respect to the disclosure of a subject's sexuality, sexual orientation and sexual identity. As far as living persons are concerned, our practice is to draw only on widely circulated public sources or disclosures from the subject her/himself in order to avoid inadvertently outing someone. See Campbell and Cowan 2016
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#SocialClassContext
Social Class Context -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#SocialClassIdentity
Social Class Identity - A subclass of culturalForms, Social Class terms associate subjects with a specific social group, recognizing that such categories and their application to individuals are contested and can change over time. The association may be or have been embraced by the subject by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. Unlike Notes typed as socialClassContext, which contain detailed discussion of a subject's class position, socialClass links to a word or phrase signifying a particular construction of class, with particular reference to earlier historical periods in the British Isles. Social class has been variously constructed and theorized, and for women is further complicated by the fact that women were understood to take their social status from fathers and/or husbands. The terminology used here reflects quite basic social groupings that intersect with other factors such as wealth.
Comment: A subclass of culturalForms, Social Class terms associate subjects with a specific social group, recognizing that such categories and their application to individuals are contested and can change over time. The association may be or have been embraced by the subject by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. Unlike Notes typed as socialClassContext, which contain detailed discussion of a subject's class position, socialClass links to a word or phrase signifying a particular construction of class, with particular reference to earlier historical periods in the British Isles. Social class has been variously constructed and theorized, and for women is further complicated by the fact that women were understood to take their social status from fathers and/or husbands. The terminology used here reflects quite basic social groupings that intersect with other factors such as wealth.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasActor
hasActor - An Actor in this event.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasCulturalForms
has a cultural form - This sub-class of culturalFormation associates specific concepts and categories with the process of identity formation through cultural processes. Such associations may be or have been embraced by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. The concepts and categories classed as culturalForms are understood to overlap with each other conceptually and in terms of the labels used.
Comment: This sub-class of culturalFormation associates specific concepts and categories with the process of identity formation through cultural processes. Such associations may be or have been embraced by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. The concepts and categories classed as culturalForms are understood to overlap with each other conceptually and in terms of the labels used.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasEthnicity
has Ethnicity -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasEthnicitySelfDefined
has Ethnicity (Self Defined) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasGender
has Gender -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasGenderSelfDeclared
has Gender (Self Declared) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasGenre
has genre -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasGeographicHeritage
has Geographic Heritage -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasGeographicHeritageSelfDeclared
has Geographic Heritage (Self Declared) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasLinguisticAbility
Language Known - Knowlege of the language for writing or reading.
Comment: Knowlege of the language for writing or reading.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasLinguisticAbilitySelfDeclared
Language Known (Self Declared) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasNationality
has Nationality -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasNationalitySelfDeclared
has Nationality (Self Declared) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasNativeLinguisticAbility
Natively Known Language - Knowledge of the language for writing or reading.
Comment: Knowledge of the language for writing or reading.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasNativeLinguisticAbilitySelfDeclared
Natively Known Language (Self Declared) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasRaceColour
has Race - A subclass of raceEthnicityContext, this describes a person's racial identity.
Comment: A subclass of raceEthnicityContext, this describes a person's racial identity.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasRaceColourSelfDeclared
has Race (Self Declared) - A subclass of raceEthnicityContext, this describes a person's self-reported racial identity.
Comment: A subclass of raceEthnicityContext, this describes a person's self-reported racial identity.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasReligion
has Religious Affiliation -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasReligionSelfDefined
has Religious Affilication (Self Defined) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasSexuality
has Sexual Orientation -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasSexualitySelfDeclared
has Sexual Orientation (Self Declared) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasSocialClass
has Social Class -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hasSocialClassSelfDefined
has Social Class (Self Defined) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#identity
Identity - The identity of the person who committed the act.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#inRole
In Role - The role taken on by this actor.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#personalProperty
Personal Property -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#personalPropertySelfDeclared
Personal Property (Self Reported) -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#abrahamicReligions
Abrahamic Religions -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#anglicanChurch
Church of England - A Christian denomination having both Protestant and Catholic aspects that originated with Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church (ca. 1532-34). As the official state Church of England, the monarch of England is still formally considered its head. While at first it remained mainly Catholic in character, reforms came under Edward IV and Elizabeth I who introduced doctrine that was more Protestant in nature, namely new editions of the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-nine Articles. Although an overall attitude of toleration exists in the modern Anglican Church, tension remains between its Protestant and Catholic inclinations as well as with newer liberal and evangelical influences. Anglicanism is based on episcopal authority and parish structure is fundamental to the organization of the church. The term is used with regard to the Church of England; with regard to the Episcopal Church in America, use "Episcopal."
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#baptistChurch
Baptist - Refers to a Protestant denomination centered around the belief that the sacrament of baptism should only be administered to adult members after a personal profession of belief in Jesus Christ. Baptism in this faith is usually done by full immersion. Emphasis is placed on biblical scripture and preaching. The Baptist denomination is primarily derived from early 17th-century England and Wales where it quickly spread although there are some links with the Anabaptists of the 16th century. Baptist churches very rapidly increased in the late 19th century in the United States.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#buddhism
boeddhisme - Refers to the philosophy and religion based on the enlightenment and teachings of the Buddha Gautama in the early sixth century BCE in the northeastern region of modern India. Playing dominant roles in the art and culture of Southeast Asia and East Asia, this religion is based on the transcendence of human suffering and pain through the acceptance of the limitations of individuality, the surrender of worldly desires and cravings that cause disappointment and sorrow, and the deliverance from the impermanence of living and individual ego based on wealth, social position, or family through the process of enlightenment (nirvana). The religion also centers around 'anatman', or no-self, the idea that the self is in a state of action or a series of changing manifestations rather than in a state of fixed, metaphysical substance. The structure of the religion is based on the Triratna ("Three Jewels" of Buddha), a tripartite schematic for living based on three elements: Buddha (the teacher), dharma (the teaching), and sangha (community).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#catholicChurch
Roman Catholic - Refers to the branch of Christianity characterized by a uniform, highly developed ritual canon and organizational structure with doctrinal roots based in the teachings of the Apostles of Jesus Christ in the first century, in the Alexandrian school of theology, and in Augustinian thought. In this religious branch, faith is considered an acceptance of revelation; revelation appears as doctrine. In juridical terms, it refers to the branch of Christianity distinguished as a unified, monolithic sacramental system under the governance of papal authority. Throughout much of its history, the seat of the Pope has been in Rome, thus "Roman Catholicism" is often used to distinguish this concept from the Orthodox Catholic church.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#christianity
Christianity - Refers to the world religion and culture that developed in the first century CE, driven by the teachings of Jesus Christ of Nazareth. Its roots are in the Judaic tradition and the Old Testament. The tenets include a belief in the death and redemptive resurrection of Jesus. The religion incorporates a tradition of faith, ritual, and a form of church authority or leadership.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#churchOfChristianScience
Christian Scientist - Refers to a Christian denomination and movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) that seeks to reinstate the Christian message of salvation from all evil, including sickness and disease as well as sin. Eddy, a semi-invalid who was interested in cures not involving medicine, claimed a recovery from a bad injury without medical assistance in 1866. Afterwards, she devoted herself to restoring the healing emphasis of early Christianity. In 1875 she finished writing the first edition of the 'Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.' This work and the Bible are the principal texts of the movement and importance has been laid on establishing reading rooms where these works can make their own appeal to readers. The 'Christian Science Monitor' is also published by the denomination. Christian Science believes that ignorance is at the root of human unease and thus 'dis-ease.' Instead of seeking medical treatment, special Christian Science healers are to be consulted for spiritual healing. Health, happiness, and holiness can be restored by applying to all aspects of life practices and attitudes in keeping with the principal of divine harmony. The first Church of Christ, Scientist was founded in 1879 in Boston and its headquarters remain there.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#churchOfEngland
Church of England -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#churchOfIreland
Church of Ireland -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#congregationalChurch
Congregational Church -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#dissentingChurches
Dissenting Churches -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#EnglishNationalHeritage
English -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#EnglishNationalIdentity
English -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#entrepreneurial-industrialist
entrepreneurial - Involves larges-scale enterprises such as running factories, or backing such enterprises through investing money, for instance, Elizabeth Montagu or Beatrice Webb.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#fifthMonarchists
Fifth Monarchists -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genderTransMan
Transman/Transmale -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genderTransWoman
Transwoman/Transfemale -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genderWomanFemale
Woman/Female -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAbridgement
abridgement - Versions of written works produced by condensation and omission but with retention of the general meaning and manner of presentation of the original, often prepared by someone other than the author of the original. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAcrostic
acrostic - Un acrostiche, du grec akrostikhos (akros, haut, élevé et stikhos, le vers), est un poème, une strophe ou une série de strophes fondés sur une forme poétique consistant en ce que, lues verticalement de haut en bas, la première lettre ou, parfois, les premiers mots d'une suite de vers composent un mot ou une expression en lien avec le poème.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAdaptation
adaptation - Written works or works derived from written works, where the second work is an alteration or amendment a text to make it suitable for another purpose. An example of an adaptation is a version of an earlier text made to better agree with a philosophy other than that intended by the original. Other examples are written works adapted for another medium, such as film, broadcasting, or stage production. For visual works adapted from another work, use "adaptations (derivative objects)."
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAdventurewriting
adventure writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAdvertisingcopy
advertising copy -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAfterpiece
afterpiece -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAgitprop
agitprop - Derived from agitation propaganda, meaning intended to inspire political action. With reference to visual art, refers to the specific art movement arising in Soviet Russia following the Bolshevik revolution. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAllegory
allegory - Une allégorie (du grec : ἄλλον / állon, « autre chose », et ἀγορεύειν / agoreúein, « parler en public ») est une forme de représentation indirecte qui emploie une chose (une personne, un être animé ou inanimé, une action) comme signe d'une autre chose, cette dernière étant souvent une idée abstraite ou une notion morale difficile à représenter directement. Elle représente donc une idée abstraite par du concret. En littérature, l'allégorie est une figure rhétorique qui consiste à exprimer une idée en utilisant une histoire ou une représentation qui doit servir de support comparatif. La signification étymologique est : « une autre manière de dire », au moyen d'une image figurative ou figurée.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAnagram
anagram - Anagrammatic poetry is poetry with the constrained form that either each line or each verse is an anagram of all other lines or verses in the poem. A poet that specializes in anagrams is an anagrammarian. Writing anagrammatic poetry is a form of a constrained writing similar to writing pangrams or long alliterations.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAnnotation
annotation - Notes added as comment or explanation, such as those accompanying an entry in a bibliography, reading list, or catalogue intended to describe, explain, or evaluate the publication referred to. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAnthology
anthology - Collections of choice extracts, from the writings of one author, or various authors, and usually having a common characteristic such as subject matter or literary form. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAntiromance
antiromance -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAphorism
aphorism - Short, pithy statements of principle or precepts, often of known authorship; distinguished from "proverbs" which are statements repeated colloquially and which often embody the folk wisdom of a group or nation. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreArtcriticism
art criticism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreAutobiography
autobiography - Documents of any type that are biographies of individuals written by themselves. For the overall genre, use "autobiography (genre)."Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBallade
ballade - A ballade (from French ballade, [baˈlad], and German Ballade, [baˈlaːdə], both being words for "ballad"), in classical music since the late 18th century, refers to a setting of a literary ballad, a narrative poem, in the musical tradition of the Lied, or to a one-movement instrumental piece with lyrical and dramatic narrative qualities reminiscent of such a song setting, especially a piano ballad.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBalladopera
ballad opera -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBergamasque
bergamasque -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBestiary
bestiary - Collections of moralized fables, especially as written in the Middle Ages, about actual or mythical animals. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBiblicalparaphrase
biblical paraphrase -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBildungsroman
bildungsroman - Novels of a traditional German genre that focuses on the spiritual development or formative years of an individual. Now in broad use to refer to this type of novel written in any language or in any culture.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBiographicaldictionary
biographical dictionary -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBiography
biography - Brief profiles of a people's life or work.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBisexualfiction
bisexual fiction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBlackcomedy
black comedy - A black comedy (or dark comedy) is a comic work that employs morbid humor, which, in its simplest form, is humor that makes light of subject matter usually considered taboo. Black humor corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. Black comedy is often controversial due to its subject matter.[citation needed]
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreBoutsrimes
boutsrimes -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCaptivitynarrative
captivity narrative - Captivity narratives are usually stories of people captured by enemies whom they consider uncivilized, or whose beliefs and customs they oppose. The best-known captivity narratives are those concerning the indigenous peoples of North America. These narratives (and questions about their accuracy) have an enduring place in literature, history, ethnography, and the study of Native peoples. However, captivity narratives have also come to play a major role in the study of contemporary religious movements, thanks to scholars of religion like David G. Bromley and James R. Lewis. In this article, both main types of captivity narratives are considered. Traditionally, historians have made limited use of certain captivity narratives. They have regarded the genre with suspicion because of its ideological underpinnings. As a result of new scholarly approaches, historians with a more certain grasp of Native American cultures are distinguishing between plausible statements of fact and value-laden judgements in order to study the narratives as rare sources from "inside" Native societies. Contemporary historians such as Linda Colley and anthropologists such as Pauline Turner Strong have also found the narratives useful in analyzing how the colonists constructed the "other", as well as what the narratives reveal about the settlers' sense of themselves and their culture, and the experience of crossing the line to another. Colley has studied the long history of English captivity in other cultures, both the Barbary pirate captives who preceded those in North America, and British captives in cultures such as India, after the North American experience. Certain North American captivity narratives involving Native peoples were published from the 18th through the 19th centuries, but they reflected a well-established genre in English literature. There had already been English accounts of captivity by Barbary pirates, or in the Middle East, which established some of the major elements of the form. Following the American experience, additional accounts were written after British people were captured during exploration and settlement in India and East Asia. Other types of captivity narratives, such as those recounted by apostates from religious movements (i.e. "cult survivor" tales), have remained an enduring feature of modern media, and currently appear in books, periodicals, film, and television. The unifying factor in most captivity narratives, whether they stem from geopolitical or religious conflicts, is that the captive portrays the captors' way of life as alien, undesirable, and incompatible with the captive's own (typically dominant) culture. This underscores the utility of captivity narratives in garnering support for social control measures, such as removing Native Americans to "reservations", or stigmatizing participation in religious movements – whether Catholicism in the nineteenth century, or ISKCON in the twentieth. Captivity narratives tend to be culturally chauvinistic, viewing an "alien" culture through the lens of the narrator's preferred culture, thus making (possibly unfair) value judgements like "Puritans good, Indians bad."
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCatechism
catechism - A catechism (/ˈkætəˌkizəm/; from Greek: κατηχέω, to teach orally), is a summary or exposition of doctrine and served as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts. Catechisms are doctrinal manuals - often in the form of questions followed by answers to be memorised - a format in non-religious or secular contexts as well. The term catechumen refers to the designated recipient of the catechetical work or instruction. In the Catholic Church, catachumens were usually placed separately during Holy Mass from those who received the Sacrament of Baptism. Early catecheticals emerged from Graeco-Roman mystery religions, especially the late cult of Mithras meant to educate their members into the secretive teachings, which competed with the Christian Church as an underground religion in the 1st to 4th centuries CE and allegedly shared its many ritual practices. Today, they are characteristic of Western Christianity but are also present in Eastern Christianity.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreChapbook
chapbook - Small books or pamphlets, usually cheaply printed and containing such texts as popular tales, treatises, ballads, or nursery rhymes, formerly peddled by chapmen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCharacter
character - Any representation of an individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. The reader can interpret characters as endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in what they say (dialogue) and what they do (action).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreChildrensLiterature
childrens literature - Literature written and published for children. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreClerihew
clerihew - A clerihew is a whimsical, four-line biographical poem invented by Edmund Clerihew Bentley. The first line is the name of the poem's subject, usually a famous person put in an absurd light. The rhyme scheme is AABB, and the rhymes are often forced. The line length and metre are irregular. Bentley invented the clerihew in school and then popularized it in books. One of his best known is this (1905):
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreClosetdrama
closetdrama -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreColouringbook
colouring book - Books containing outline drawings, for coloring in with crayons, watercolor, colored pencils, or other media, usually intended for use by children.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComedy
comedy - Light and amusing stories.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComedyofintrigue
comedy of intrigue -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComedyofmanners
comedy of manners - The comedy of manners is an entertainment form which satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class or of multiple classes, often represented by stereotypical stock characters. For example, the miles gloriosus ("boastful soldier") in ancient times, the fop and the rake during the English Restoration, or an old person pretending to be young. Restoration comedy is used as a synonym for "comedy of manners". The plot of the comedy, often concerned with scandal, is generally less important than its witty dialogue. A great writer of comedies of manners was Oscar Wilde, his most famous play being The Importance of Being Earnest. The comedy of manners was first developed in the new comedy of the Ancient Greek playwright Menander. His style, elaborate plots, and stock characters were imitated by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence, whose comedies were widely known and copied during the Renaissance. The best-known comedies of manners, however, may well be those of the French playwright Molière, who satirized the hypocrisy and pretension of the ancien régime in such plays as L'École des femmes (The School for Wives, 1662), Le Misanthrope (The Misanthrope, 1666), and most famously Tartuffe (1664).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComedyofmenace
comedy of menace -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComicbook
comicbook - Sequence of illustrations containing a story or stories (called "comics," because some are humorous), often serialized, published in booklet form. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCommonplacebook
common place book - Books in which noteworthy literary passages, cogent quotations, poems, comments, recipes, prescriptions, and other miscellaneous document types are written. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreComputerprogram
computer program - A compilation of coded instructions or sequence of code that, when run, achieves a certain task in a mechanism, usually a computer. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreConditionofenglandnovel
condition of england novel -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreConductliterature
conduct literature -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCookbook
cookbook - A cookbook (sometimes cookery book in Commonwealth English or cook book) is a kitchen reference publication that typically contains a collection of recipes. Modern versions may also include colorful illustrations and advice on purchasing quality ingredients or making substitutions. Cookbooks can also cover a wide variety of topics, including cooking techniques for the home, recipes and commentary from famous chefs, institutional kitchen manuals, and cultural commentary.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCourtshipfiction
courtshipfiction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreCriminology
criminology -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDedication
dedication - A short bit of text conventionally appearing before the start of a novel or poem in which the author or poet addresses some individual, invoking his or her gratitude or thanks to that individual. Frequently, the dedication is to a spouse, friend, loved one, child, mentor, or individual who inspired the work. Several of the Inklings dedicated specific fictional works to each other (or in the case of C.S. Lewis, to children of fellow Inklings). Among scholars, one of the most significant types of dedications is a festschrift. A festschrift is a collection of essays or studies in book form, dedicated to a former teacher or professor in his or her advanced age. The individual scholarly writings come from his or her students, who typically collaborate to organize the work and contact the publisher, and they present the collection to the teacher upon its publication.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDetective
detective - Detective Comics is the title used for two American comic book series published by DC Comics. The first, published from 1937 to 2011, was best known for introducing the superhero Batman in Detective Comics #27 (cover dated May 1939). A second series of the same title was launched in the fall of 2011. The original series is the source of its publishing company's name and with Action Comics, the comic book launched with the debut of Superman, one of the medium's signature series. The original series published 881 issues between 1937 and 2011 and was the longest continuously published comic book in the United States.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDevotional
devotional - Christian devotional literature (also called devotionals or Christian living literature) is religious writing that is neither doctrinal nor theological, but designed for individuals to read for their personal edification and spiritual formation. Theologian Karl Holl has suggested that devotional literature came into full development at the time of Pietism during the second half of the 17th century.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDialogueofthedead
dialogue of the dead -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDialogueordebate
dialogue or debate -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDiary
diary - Refers to books containing the daily, personal accounts of the writer's own experiences, attitudes, and observations. Use "journals (accounts)" when referring to an individual's or an organization's account of occurrences or transactions.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDictionary
dictionary - Library catalog in which the entries are arranged in a single alphabetical sequence, regardless of their type, so that authors, titles, and other indexing terms are all alphabetized together alphabetically instead of in separate groupings by type.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDidactic
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDirectory
directory - Enumerations of names, addresses, and other data about specific groups of persons or organizations; may appear in alphabetic or graphic format. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDissertation
dissertation -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDocumentary
documentary -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDomestic
domestic - Domestic realism normally refers to the genre of nineteenth-century novels popular with women readers. This body of writing is also known as "sentimental fiction" or "woman's fiction". The genre is mainly reflected in the novel though short-stories and non-fiction works such as Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Our Country Neighbors" and The New Housekeeper's Manual written by Stowe and her sister-in-law Catharine Beecher are works of domestic realism. The style's particular characteristics are: "1. Plot focuses on a heroine who embodies one of two types of exemplar: the angel and the practical woman (Reynolds) who sometimes exist in the same work. Baym says that this heroine is contrasted with the passive woman (incompetent, cowardly, ignorant; often the heroine's mother is this type) and the "belle," who is deprived of a proper education. 2. The heroine struggles for self-mastery, learning the pain of conquering her own passions (Tompkins, Sensational Designs, 172). 3. The heroine learns to balance society's demands for self-denial with her own desire for autonomy, a struggle often addressed in terms of religion. 4. She suffers at the hands of abusers of power before establishing a network of surrogate kin. 5. The plots "repeatedly identify immersion in feeling as one of the great temptations and dangers for a developing woman. They show that feeling must be controlled. . . " (Baym 25). Frances Cogan notes that the heroines thus undergo a full education within which to realize feminine obligations (The All-American Girl). 6. The tales generally end with marriage, usually one of two possible kinds: A. Reforming the bad or "wild" male, as in Augusta Evans's St. Elmo (1867) B. Marrying the solid male who already meets her qualifications.Examples: Maria Cummins, The Lamplighter (1854) and Susan Warner, The Wide, Wide World (1850) 7. The novels may use a "language of tears" that evokes sympathy from the readers. 8. Richard Brodhead (Cultures of Letters) sees class as an important issue, as the ideal family or heroine is poised between a lower-class family exemplifying poverty and domestic disorganization and upper-class characters exemplifying an idle, frivolous existence (94)." An example of this style of novel is Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres in which the main character's confinement is emphasized in such a way. Some early exponents of the genre of domestic realism were Jane Austen and Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDrama
drama - A composition in prose or verse presenting, in pantomime and dialogue, a narrative involving conflict between a character or characters and some external or internal force (see conflict). Playwrights usually design dramas for presentation on a stage in front of an audience. Aristotle called drama "imitated human action." Drama may have originated in religious ceremonies. Thespis of Attica (sixth century BCE) was the first recorded composer of a tragedy. Tragedies in their earliest stage were performed by a single actor who interacted with the chorus. The playwright Aeschylus added a second actor on the stage (deuteragonist) to allow additional conflict and dialogue. Sophocles and Euripides added a third (tritagonist). Medieval drama may have evolved independently from rites commemorating the birth and death of Christ. During the late medieval period and the early Renaissance, drama gradually altered to the form we know today. The mid-sixteenth century in England in particular was one of the greatest periods of world drama. In traditional Greek drama, as defined by Aristotle, a play was to consist of five acts and follow the three dramatic unities. In more recent drama (i.e., during the last two centuries), plays have frequently consisted of three acts, and playwrights have felt more comfortable disregarding the confines of Aristotelian rules involving verisimilitude. See also unities, comedy, tragedy, revenge play, miracle play, morality play, and mystery play. An individual work of drama is called a play. DRAMATIC CONVENTION: See convention. DRAMATIC IRONY: See irony. DRAMATICDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDramaticmonologue
dramatic monologue - Dramatic monologue, also known as a persona poem, is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character. M.H. Abrams notes the following three features of the dramatic monologue as it applies to poetry
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDreamvision
dreamvision -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreDystopia
dystopia - (from Greek, dys topos, "bad place"): The opposite of a utopia, a dystopia is an imaginary society in fictional writing that represents, as M. H. Abrams puts it, "a very unpleasant imaginary world in which ominous tendencies of our present social, political, and technological order are projected in some disastrous future culmination" (Glossary 218). For instance, while a utopia presents readers with a place where all the citizens are happy and ruled by a virtuous, efficient, rational government, a dystopia presents readers with a world where all citizens are universally unhappy, manipulated, and repressed by a sinister, sadistic totalitarian state. This government exists at best to further its own power and at worst seeks actively to destroy its own citizens' creativity, health, and happiness. Examples of fictional dystopias include Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, George Orwell's 1984, Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, and Ursula Le Guin's The Dispossessed.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEclogue
eclogue - An eclogue is a poem in a classical style on a pastoral subject. Poems in the genre are sometimes also called bucolics.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreElegy
elegy - Mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poems, especially funeral songs or laments for the dead.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEncyclopaedia
encyclopaedia - Books, set of books, or disks, containing informational articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, or limited to a special field or subject, usually arranged in alphabetical order. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpic
epic - Meaning extended from "epic poetry," in modern usage refers to literary art forms, such as prose, poetry, plays, films, and other works where the story has a theme of grandeur and heroism.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpigram
epigram - Refers to short satiric poems or any similar pointed sayings.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpilogue
epilogue - A conclusion added to a literary work such as a novel, play, or long poem. It is the opposite of a prologue. Often, the epilogue refers to the moral of a fable. Sometimes, it is a speech made by one of the actors at the end of a play asking for the indulgence of the critics and the audience. Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream contains one of the most famous epilogues. Contrast with prologue. Do not confuse the term with eclogue.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpistle
epistle - Literary genre taking the form of letters, usually of a literary, formal, or public nature. Examples are the epistles in the Biblical New Testament.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpistolary
epistolary - Novels written by using the device of a series of letters, diary entries, newspaper clippings, or other documents.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpitaph
epitaph - Inscriptions on sepulchral monuments in the memory of those buried in the tomb or grave.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpithalamium
epithalamium - An epithalamiumLatin form of Greek ἐπιθαλάμιον epithalamion from ἐπί epi "upon," and θάλαμος thalamos nuptial chamber) is a poem written specifically for the bride on the way to her marital chamber. This form continued in popularity through the history of the classical world; the Roman poet Catullus wrote a famous epithalamium, which was translated from or at least inspired by a now-lost work of Sappho. According to Origen, Song of Songs, might be an epithalamium on the marriage of Solomon with Pharaoh’s daughter.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEpyllion
epyllion - Brief narrative poems in dactylic hexameter of ancient Greece, imitated by Romans and others. Usually dealing with mythological and romantic themes. They are characterized by lively description, miniaturistic attitude, scholarly allusion, and an elevated tone similar to that of the elegy.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEroticapornography
erotica pornography -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEssay
essay - Short literary compositions on single subjects, often presenting the personal view of the author.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreEulogy
eulogy - A eulogy (from εὐλογία, eulogia, Classical Greek for "praise") is a speech or writing in praise of a person(s) or thing(s), especially one who recently died or retired or as a term of endearment. Eulogies may be given as part of funeral services. They take place in a funeral home during or after a wake. However, some denominations either discourage or do not permit eulogies at services to maintain respect for traditions. Eulogies can also praise people who are still alive. This normally takes place on special occasions like birthdays, office parties, retirement celebrations, etc. Eulogies should not be confused with elegies, which are poems written in tribute to the dead; nor with obituaries, which are published biographies recounting the lives of those who have recently died; nor with obsequies, which refer generally to the rituals surrounding funerals. Catholic priests are prohibited by the rubrics of the Mass from presenting a eulogy for the deceased in place of a homily during a funeral Mass. The modern use of the word eulogy was first documented in the 15th century and came from the Medieval Latin term “eulogium” (Merriam-Webster 2012). “Eulogium” at that time has since turned into the shorter “eulogy” of today. Eulogies are usually delivered by a family member or a close family friend in the case of a dead person. For a living eulogy given in such cases as a retirement, a senior colleague could perhaps deliver it. On occasions, eulogies are given to those who are severely ill or elderly in order to express words of love and gratitude before they die. Eulogies are not limited to merely people, however; Places or things can also be given eulogies (which anyone can deliver), but these are less common than those delivered to people, whether living or deceased.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreExhibitioncatalogue
exhibition catalogue - Publications that document the works displayed in an exhibition.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFable
fable - Fictitious narratives usually with animals or inanimate objects as protagonists, intended to convey a hidden meaning regarding human conduct.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFabliau
fabliau - plural, fabliaux): A humorous, frequently ribald or "dirty" narrative popular with French poets, who traditionally wrote the story in octosyllabic couplets. The tales frequently revolve around trickery, practical jokes, sexual mishaps, scatology, mistaken identity, and bodily humor. Chaucer included several fabliaux in The Canterbury Tales, including the stories of the Shipman, the Friar, the Miller, the Reeve, and the Cook. Examples from French literature include Les Quatre Souhais Saint Martin, Audigier, and Beranger au Long Cul (Beranger of the Long Ass).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFairytale
fairytale - Fairytale fantasy is distinguished from other subgenres of fantasy by the works' heavy use of motifs, and often plots, from folklore.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFantasy
fantasy - Literary genre in which works are of a whimsical or visionary nature, having suppositions that are speculation or resting on no solid grounds.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFarce
farce - (from Latin Farsus, "stuffed"): A farce is a form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter through highly exaggerated caricatures of people in improbable or silly situations. Traits of farce include (1) physical bustle such as slapstick, (2) sexual misunderstandings and mix-ups, and (3) broad verbal humor such as puns. Many literary critics (especially in the Victorian period) have tended to view farce as inferior to "high comedy" that involves brilliant dialogue. Many of Shakespeare's early works, such as The Taming of the Shrew, are considered farces. Contrast with comedy of manners.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFeminist
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFeministtheory
feminist theory -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFiction
fiction - Poetic or prosaic literary forms derived from medieval narratives of love, legendary or heroic adventures, and chivalry. Extends to narratives about important religious figures, or fantastic or supernatural events.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreFilmtvscript
film tv script -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGardeningbook
gardening book -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGenealogy
genealogy - Accounts or histories of the descent of persons, families, or other groups, from an ancestor or ancestors; enumerations of ancestors and their descendants in the natural order of succession.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGhoststory
ghost story - Prose tales of the supernatural in which the living encounter manifestations of the spirits of the dead.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGiftbook
giftbook - Books, usually illustrated literary anthologies, intended to be given as gifts and often published annually; popular in the 19th century. For works produced to mark an occasion, use "keepsakes (books)." Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGothic
gothic - Romantic fictions having a prevailing atmosphere of mystery and terror, often combined with a love story. The genre was introduced in England ca. 1765, but soon became popular elsewhere in Europe, reaching its heyday in the 1790s. The genre has undergone frequent revivals in subsequent centuries. It is called "Gothic" because the early examples were often set in part among medieval buildings and ruins, such as castles or monasteries.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGovernmentreport
government report -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGrammar
grammar - GRAMMAR: Another term for transformational grammar.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGraveyardpoetry
graveyard poetry -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreGuidebook
guidebook - Handbooks for the guidance of strangers or visitors in a district, town, building, etc., giving a description of the roads, places, or objects of interest to be found there. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHagiography
hagiography - Biographies of saints, usually written, but includes oral or visual works as well.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHaiku
haiku - (plural: haiku, from archaic Japanese): The term haiku is a fairly late addition to Japanese poetry. The poet Shiki coined the term in the nineteenth century from a longer, more traditional phrase, haikai renga no hokku ("the introductory lines of light linked verse"). To understand the haiku's history as a genre, peruse the vocabulary entries for its predecessors, the hokku and the haikai renga or renku. The haiku follows several conventions: Many Japanese poets have used the form, the two acknowledged masters being Bashó (a nom de plume for Matsuo Munefusa, 1644-94); and Kobayashi Issa (a nom de plume for Kobayashi Nobuyuki). The Imagist Movement in 20th century English literature has been profoundly influenced by haiku. The list of poets who attempted the haiku or admired the genre includes Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, Robert Frost, Conrad Aiken, and W. B. Yeats. Contrast haiku with the tanka and the senryu. See also hokku, below, and haikai, above. See also kigo and imagism. You can click here to download a PDF handout summarizing this discussion of haiku, or you can click here to download PDF samples of haiku.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHarlequinade
harlequinade -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHeroic
heroic - Form of poetry comprising long narratives celebrating on a grand scale the adventures and deeds of one or more heroic figures, ordinarily concerning a serious subject significant to a culture or nation. Classical epic poetry employs dactylic hexameter and recounts a journey. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHistorical
historical - Refers to maps that indicate political administrative boundaries or other characteristics of a region at periods of time before the present. They typically include historical names for places, historical population dispositions, and the historical state of physical features. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHistory
history - Accounts of the chronological development of cases of disease or conditions of individuals, with details of symptoms.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreHymn
hymn - A religious song consisting of one or more repeating rhythmical stanzas. In classical Roman literature, hymns to Minerva and Jupiter survive. The Greek poet Sappho wrote a number of hymns to Aphrodite. More recently a vast number of hymns appear in Catholic and Protestant religious lyrics. A particularly vibrant tradition of hymn-writing comes from the South's African-American population during the nineteenth century. In the realm of fiction, C.S. Lewis creates hymns for the Solid Ones in The Great Divorce, and Tolkien creates Elvish hymns such as "O Elbereth" in The Lord of the Rings, typically with quatrain structure alternating with couplet stanzas. In the example of "O Elbereth," the hymn honors one of the Maiar spirits. See also paean.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreIndustrialnovel
industrial novel -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreIntroduction
introduction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreJournalism
journalism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreJuvenilia
juvenilia - Literary or artistic works produced by persons in their childhood or youth; usually used to set those works apart from later, mature works. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreKitchensinkdrama
kitchensink drama -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreKunstlerroman
kunstlerroman -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLais
lais - A laisse is a type of stanza, of varying length, found in medieval French literature, specifically medieval French epic poetry (the chanson de geste), such as The Song of Roland. In early works, each laisse was made up of (mono) assonanced verses, although the appearance of (mono) rhymed laisses was increasingly common in later poems. Within a poem, the length of each separate laisse is variable (whereas the metric length of the verses is invariable, each verse having the same syllable length, typically decasyllables or, occasionally, alexandrines. The laisse is characterized by stereotyped phrases and formulas and frequently repeated themes and motifs, including repetitions of material from one laisse to another. Such repetitions and formulaic structures are common of orality and oral-formulaic composition. When medieval poets repeated content (with different wording or assonance/rhyme) from one laisse to another, such "similar" laisses are called laisses similaires in French.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLampoon
lampoon - A coarse or crude satire ridiculing the appearance or character of another person.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLegalwriting
legal writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLegendFolktale
legend folktale -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLesbian
lesbian - Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians was a quarterly periodical for black, Asian, Latina, and Native American lesbians published between 1977 and 1983 by the Salsa Soul Sisters, Third World Wimmin Inc Collective. The Collective also published the Salsa Soul Sisters/Third World Women's Gay-zette (c. 1982).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLetter
letter - Letters written to a newspaper or magazine to present a position, make a correction, or respond to another story or letter.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLettersfromthedeadtotheliving
letters from the dead to the living -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLibretto
libretto - Books or booklets containing the text or words of an opera or similar extended musical composition. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLiteraryCriticism
literary criticism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreLyric
lyric - Lyric Essay is a subgenre of essay writing, which combines qualities of poetry, essay, memoir, and research writing. The lyric essay is considered high art, and often requires work and association on behalf of the reader. Proponents of the lyric essay classification insist it differs from prose poetry in its reliance on association rather than line breaks and juxtaposition.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMagicrealist
magic realist -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreManifesto
manifesto - Formal written declarations, promulgated by a sovereign or by the executive authority of a state or nation, such as to proclaim its reasons and motives for declaring a war, or other international action; also public declarations or proclamations of political, social, artistic, or other principles. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreManual
manual - Books or treatises, often compendious, containing rules or instructions needed to perform tasks, operations, processes, occupations, arts, or studies, and intended to be used as reference while the task or study is performed. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMasque
masque - Not to be confused with a masquerade, a masque is a type of elaborate court entertainment popular in the times of Queen Elizabeth I, King James I, and Charles I--i.e., the early 17th Century after Queen Elizabeth's death. The masque as a performance grew out of medieval plays, but it was more spectacle than drama proper. The content was suitable for amateur actors rather than professional performers. The masques tended to use long speeches and little action. They combined poetic drama, singing, dancing, music, and splendid costumes and settings. The imagery was influential on later poets and poems, such as Andrew Marvell, who makes use of masque-imagery in "Upon Appleton House."Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMedicalwriting
medical writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMelodrama
melodrama - Film genre originally applied to plays with plots with moral issues where good versus evil were the main focus. Later, the films of D. W. Griffith, such as "Way Down East in (1920), the personal and social problems of women are portrayed in particularly melodramatic way, and the emphasis become more on characters themselves. In films like Stella Dallas (1937) or Douglas Sirk's "All That Heaven Allows," the happy ending plot gives way to the female character sacrificing everything to a more noble cause. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMixedmedia
mixed media -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMonologue
monologue - In theatre, a monologue (from Greek μονόλογος from μόνος mónos, "alone, solitary" and λόγος lógos, "speech") is a speech presented by a single character, most often to express their mental thoughts aloud, though sometimes also to directly address another character or the audience. Monologues are common across the range of dramatic media (plays, films, etc.), as well as in non-dramatic media such as poetry. Monologues share much in common with several other literary devices including soliloquies, apostrophes, and aside. There are, however, distinctions between each of these devices.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMoralitymysteryplay
morality mystery play -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMultimedia
multimedia -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMusicology
musicology -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMystery
mystery - Medieval plays based on the lives of the saints or other biblical legends. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreMyth
myth - Legendary stories without a determinable basis of fact or natural explanation, typically concerning a being, hero, deity, or event and explains some practice, rite, or phenomenon of nature.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNarrativepoetry
narrative poetry - Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metred verse. Narrative poems do not have to follow rhythmic patterns. The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is usually well it normally dramatic, with objectives, diverse characters, and metre. Narrative poems include epics, ballads, idylls, and lays. Some narrative poetry takes the form of a novel in verse. An example of this is The Ring and the Book by Robert Browning. In terms of narrative poetry, a romance is a narrative poem that tells a story of chivalry. Examples include the Romance of the Rose or Tennyson's Idylls of the King. Although these examples use medieval and Arthurian materials, romances may also tell stories from classical mythology. Shorter narrative poems are often similar in style to the short story. Sometimes these short narratives are collected into interrelated groups, as with Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. Some literatures contain prose naose narratives, and the Old Norse sagas include both incidental poetry and the biographies of poets. An example is "The Cremation of Sam McGee" by Robert Service.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNationaltale
national tale -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNotebook
notebook - Notebook is a style of writing where people jot down what they have thought or heard at the spur of moment. The contents of a notebook are unorganized, and the number of subjects covered in a notebook are unlimited: a paragraph of autobiography can be followed immediately by one on astronomy or one on history. Some famous authors are also famous for the notebooks they left. The Italian poet Giacomo Leopardi kept a notebook, called Zibaldone, from 1817 to 1832. The idea of keeping that, which contains no fewer than 4,526 pages, was possibly suggested by a priest who fled from the French Revolution and came to live in the poet's hometown. The priest suggested that "every literary man should have a written chaos such as this: notebook containing sottiseries, adrersa, excerpta, pugillares, commentaria... the store-house out of which fine literature of every kind may come, as the sun, moon, and stars issued out of chaos." There are writers who earned their posthumous fame solely by their notebooks, such as the German scientist and humorous writer Georg Lichtenberg. He called his notebooks "waste book," using the English book-keeping term. He explains the purpose of his "waste book" in his notebook E: The notebooks of scientists, such as those of Michael Faraday and Charles Darwin, can reveal the development of their scientific theories. On the other hand, the notebooks used by scientists for recording their experiments are called lab notebooks. The notebooks used by artists are usually referred as sketchbooks, which may contain more than sketches. Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks contain his writings on painting, sculpture, architecture, anatomy, mining, inventions and music, as well as his sketches, his grocery lists and the names of people who owed him money. In Chinese literature, "notebook" or biji is a distinct genre, and has a broader meaning.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNovel
novel - Invented prose narratives of considerable length and a certain complexity that deal imaginatively with human experience through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNovella
novella - Short prose tales popular in the Renaissance and for later prose narratives intermediate between novels and short stories.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreNurseryrhyme
nurseryrhyme - Tales in rhymed verse for children. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreObituary
obituary - Obituary poetry, in the broad sense, includes any poem that commemorates a person or group of people's death: an elegy. In its stricter sense, though, it refers to a genre of popular verse or folk poetry that had its greatest popularity in the nineteenth century, especially in the United States of America. The genre consists largely of sentimental narrative verse that tells the story of the demise of its typically named subjects, and seeks to console their mourners with descriptions of their happy afterlife. The genre achieved its peak of popularity in the decade of the 1870s. While usually full chiefly of conventional pious sentiments, the obituary poets in one sense continue the program of meditations on death begun by the eighteenth-century graveyard poets, such as Edward Young's Night Thoughts, and as such continue one of the themes that went into literary Romanticism.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreOccasionalpoetry
occasional poetry - Occasional poetry is poetry composed for a particular occasion. In the history of literature, it is often studied in connection with orality, performance, and patronage.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreOde
ode - Lyric poems of exalted emotion devoted to the praise or celebration of its subject; often employing complex or irregular metrical form.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreOneactplay
one act play -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePanegyric
panegyric - A speech or poem designed to praise another person or group. In ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric, it was one branch of public speaking, with established rules and conventions found in the works of Menander and Hermogenes. Famous examples include Pliny's eulogy on Emperor Trajan and Isocrates' oration on the Olympic games of 380.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreParable
parable - Short, fictitious stories that illustrate a moral attitude or religious principle.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreParody
parody - A parody (/ˈpærədi/; also called spoof, send-up, take-off or lampoon), in use, is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, "parody … is imitation, not always at the expense of the parodied text." Another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as "any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice."Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music (although "parody" in music has an earlier, somewhat different meaning than for other art forms), animation, gaming and film. The writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche ("a composition in another artist's manner, without satirical intent") and burlesque (which "fools around with the material of high literature and adapts it to low ends"). Meanwhile, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot distinguishes between the parody and the burlesque, "A good parody is a fine amusement, capable of amusing and instructing the most sensible and polished minds; the burlesque is a miserable buffoonery which can only please the populace." Historically, when a formula grows tired, as in the case of the moralistic melodramas in the 1910s, it retains value only as a parody, as demonstrated by the Buster Keaton shorts that mocked that genre. In his 1960 anthology of parody from the 14th through 20th centuries, critic Dwight Macdonald offered this metaphor: "Parody is making a new wine that tastes like the old but has a slightly lethal effect."
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePastoral
pastoral - Genre that depicts or evokes idyllic life in the country; in works of pictorial art, often scenes of shepherds and shepherdesses in idealized arcadian landscapes. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePerformancepoetry
performance poetry - Performance poetry is poetry that is specifically composed for or during a performance before an audience. During the 1980s, the term came into popular usage to describe poetry written or composed for performance rather than print distribution.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePeriodical
periodical - Publications issued at regular intervals, but not daily, containing articles on various subjects by different authors for the general reader. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePetition
petition - Includes any written requests and lists of signatures submitted to an authority to appeal for the performance of specific action. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePhilosophical
philosophical -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePhilosophy
philosophy - (Greek, "Love of wisdom"): The methodical and systematic exploration of what we know, how we know it, and why it is important that we know it. Too frequently, students use the term somewhat nebulously. They often mistakenly state, "My philosophy about X is . . ." when they really mean, "My opinion about X is . . ." or "My attitude toward X is . . ." Traditional areas of Western philosophic inquiry include the following areas.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePicaresque
picaresque - The picaresque novel (Spanish: "picaresca," from "pícaro," for "rogue" or "rascal") is a genre of prose fiction which depicts the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his wits in a corrupt society. Picaresque novels typically adopt a realistic style, with elements of comedy and satire. This style of novel originated in 16th-century Spain and flourished throughout Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It continues to influence modern literature. According to the traditional view of Thrall and Hibbard (first published in 1936), seven qualities distinguish the picaresque novel or narrative form, all or some of which may be employed for effect by the author. (1) A picaresque narrative is usually written in first person as an autobiographical account. (2) The main character is often of low character or social class. He or she gets by with wit and rarely deigns to hold a job. (3) There is no plot. The story is told in a series of loosely connected adventures or episodes. (4) There is little if any character development in the main character. Once a picaro, always a picaro. His or her circumstances may change but they rarely result in a change of heart. (5) The picaro's story is told with a plainness of language or realism. (6) Satire might sometimes be a prominent element. (7) The behavior of a picaresque hero or heroine stops just short of criminality. Carefree or immoral rascality positions the picaresque hero as a sympathetic outsider, untouched by the false rules of society. However, Trall and Hibbert's thesis has been questioned by scholars[specify] interested in how genre functions, rather than how it looks on the surface.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePoetry
poetry - Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePolemic
polemic - Aggressive, forcefully presented arguments, often disputing a policy or opinion.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePoliticalwriting
political writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePopular
popular - Visual arts produced by or for the general public, often reflecting fads and as a response to the daily environment; works produced for mass audiences as distinct from fine art and folk art. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePrayer
prayer - Documents containing prayers that are associated with donning official priestly vestments or transfer of vestments, most commonly in Christian contexts.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePrefatorypiece
prefatory piece -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreProletarianwriting
proletarianwriting -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePrologue
prologue - (1) In original Greek tragedy, the prologue was either the action or a set of introductory speeches before the first entry (parados) of the chorus. Here, a single actor's monologue or a dialogue between two actors would establish the play's background events. (2) In later literature, a prologue is a section of any introductory material before the first chapter or the main material of a prose work, or any such material before the first stanza of a poetic work.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePropaganda
propaganda - Ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to support one cause or individual or to damage another. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreProphecy
prophecy - Prophecy involves a process in which one or more messages allegedly communicated to a prophet are then communicated to other people. Such messages typically involve] inspiration, interpretation, or revelation of events to come (compare divine knowledge). Historically, clairvoyance has been used[by whom?] as an adjunct to prophecy.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genrePsychoanalytical
psychoanalytical -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRadiodrama
radio drama -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRegional
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRevue
revue - Periodicals, reports, or essays giving critical estimates and appraisals of art, a performance, or event. For other critical descriptions and analyses, prefer "criticism." Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRiddle
riddle - (from Old English roedel, from roedan meaning "to give council" or "to read"): A universal form of literature in which a puzzling question or a conundrum is presented to the reader. The reader is often challenged to solve this enigma, which requires ingenuity in discovering the hidden meaning. A riddle may involve puns, symbolism, synecdoche, personification (especially prosopopoeia), or unusual imagery. For instance, a Norse riddle asks, "Tell me what I am. Thirty white horses round a red hill. First they champ. Then they stamp. Now they stand still." The answer is the speaker's teeth; these thirty white horses circle the "red hill" of the tongue; they champ and stamp while the riddler speaks, but stand still at the end of his riddle. Another famous example is the riddle of the sphinx from Sophocles' Oedipus Trilogy. The sphinx asks Oedipus, "What goes on four feet, on two feet, and then three. But the more feet it goes on, the weaker is he?" The answer is a human being, which crawls as an infant, walks erect on two feet as an adult, and totters on a staff (the third leg) in old age. The earliest known English riddles are recorded in the Exeter Book, and they probably date back to the 8th century. Examples, however, can be found in Greek, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, and Chinese, and many other languages. Authors of Anglo-Latin riddles include Aldhelm of Sherborne, Archbishop Tatwine of Canterbury, and Abbot Eusebius of Wearmouth. A large Renaissance collection can also be found in Nicolas Reusner's Aenigmatographia (1602).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreRomance
romance - Poetic or prosaic literary forms derived from medieval narratives of love, legendary or heroic adventures, and chivalry. Extends to narratives about important religious figures, or fantastic or supernatural events.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSagewriting
sage writing - Sage writing was a genre of creative nonfiction popular in the Victorian era. The concept originates with John Holloway's 1953 book The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument. Sage writing is a development from ancient wisdom literature in which the writer chastises and instructs the reader about contemporary social issues, often utilizing discourses of philosophy, history, politics, and economics in non-technical ways. Prominent examples of the genre include writings by Thomas Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, John Ruskin, and Henry David Thoreau. Some 20th-century writers, such as Joan Didion and New Journalists such as Norman Mailer and Tom Wolfe, have also been identified as sage writers.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSatire
satire - Literary compositions in verse or prose, or ideas expressed as the subjects of art works, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreScholarship
scholarship -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSchoolfiction
school fiction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSciencefiction
science fiction - Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas." It usually eschews the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have at least a faint grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection has become tenuous or non-existent in much of science fiction.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreScientificwriting
scientific writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSensationnovel
sensation novel - The sensation novel was a literary genre of fiction popular in Great Britain in the 1860s and 1870s, following on from earlier melodramatic novels and the Newgate novels, which focused on tales woven around criminal biographies. It also drew on the gothic and romantic genres of fiction. The sensation novel's appearance notably follows the Industrial Revolution, which made books available on a mass scale for people of all social standings and increased the sensation novel's popularity. Sensation novels used both modes of romance and realism to the extreme where in the past they had traditionally been contradictory modes of literature. The sensation novelists commonly wrote stories that were allegorical and abstract; the abstract nature of the stories gave the authors room to explore scenarios that wrestled with the social anxieties of the Victorian Era. The loss of identity is seen in many sensation fiction stories because this was a common social anxiety; in Britain, there was an increased use in record keeping and therefore people questioned the meaning and permanence of identity. The social anxiety regarding identity is reflected in stories, such as, The Woman in White and Lady Audley's Secret. The genre of sensation fiction was established by the publications of the following novels The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins in 1859; East Lynne by Ellen Wood in 1861; Lady Audley's Secret by Mary Elizabeth Braddon in 1862. Perhaps the earliest use of the term, sensation fiction, as a name for such novels appears in the 1861 edition of the Saunders, Otley, & co.'s Literary Budget. The neo-Victorian novel of New Zealand author Eleanor Catton, The Luminaries, which won the 2013 Man Booker Prize, has been described as being heavily based on sensation literature, with its plot devices of "suspect wills and forged documents, secret marriages, illegitimacy and opium"
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSentimental
sentimental - The sentimental novel or the novel of sensibility is an 18th-century literary genre which celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism, and sensibility. Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction beginning in the eighteenth century in reaction to the rationalism of the Augustan Age. Sentimental novels relied on emotional response, both from their readers and characters. They feature scenes of distress and tenderness, and the plot is arranged to advance both emotions and actions. The result is a valorization of "fine feeling," displaying the characters as a model for refined, sensitive emotional effect. The ability to display feelings was thought to show character and experience, and to shape social life and relations.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSequel
sequel - (from Latin sequi, to follow): A literary work complete in itself, but continuing the narrative of an earlier work. It is a new story that extends or develops characters and situations found in an earlier work. Two sequels following an original work (together) are called a trilogy. Three sequels following an original work together are called a tetralogy.Often sequels have a reputation for inferior artistry compared to the original publication since they are often hastily written from the desire to capitalize on earlier financial success. Examples include Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer Abroad, which is a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and Alexandra Ripley's Scarlett, which is a sequel to Mitchell's Gone With the Wind. In the late twentieth century, it became common retroactively to write "prequels," a later book with the same geographic setting or characters, but which takes place in an earlier time.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSermon
sermon - A sermon is an oration, lecture, or talk by a member of a religious institution or clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, religious, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law or behavior within both past and present contexts. Elements of the sermon often include exposition, exhortation and practical application. In Christianity, a sermon (also known as a homily within some churches) is usually delivered in a place of worship from an elevated architectural feature, variously known as a pulpit, a lectern, or an ambo. The word "sermon" comes from a Middle English word which was derived from Old French, which in turn came from the Latin word sermō meaning "discourse". The word can mean "conversation", which could mean that early sermons were delivered in the form of question and answer, and that only later did it come to mean a monologue. However, the Bible contains many speeches without interlocution, which some take to be sermons: Moses in Deuteronomy 1-33 ; Jesus' sermon on the mount in Matthew 5-7 (though the gospel writers do not specifically call it a sermon; the popular descriptor for Christ's speech there came much later); Peter after Pentecost in Acts 2:14-40 (though this speech was delivered to nonbelievers and as such is not quite parallel to the popular definition of a sermon). In modern language, the word "sermon" is used in secular terms, pejoratively, to describe a lengthy or tedious speech delivered with great passion, by any person, to an uninterested audience. A sermonette is a short sermon (usually associated with television broadcasting, as stations would present a sermonette before signing off for the night).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSexualawakeningfiction
sexual awakening fiction -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreShortstory
short story - Relatively brief invented prose narratives.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSilverforknovel
silverfork novel -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSketch
sketch - Short literary compositions on single subjects, often presenting the personal view of the author.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSketchbook
sketch book - Books or pads of blank sheets used or intended for sketching, which are informal or rough drawings. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSlavenarrative
slave narrative -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSocialscience
social science -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSong
song - A lyric poem with a number of repeating stanzas (called refrains), written to be set to music in either vocal performance or with accompaniment of musical instruments. See dawn song and lyric, above and stanza, below.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSonnet
sonnet - Poems consisting of 14 decasyllabic lines, often in a rhyming scheme. The sonnet form is considered to be of Italian origin, appearing in the 13th century in Sicily, after which it spread to Tuscany, where Petrarch perfected the form with his Canzioniere, a series of 317 sonnets to his idealized love, Laura. The Petrarchian sonnet has historically been the most widely used of the form, although the Elizabethan form (3 quatrains, with a final rhyming couplet) is also common.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreSpeech
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTestimony
testimony - Solemn declarations, written or verbal; usually made orally by a witness under oath in response to interrogation by a lawyer or authorized public official, then reduced to writing for the record. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTextbook
textbook - Books used as standard works for the formal study of a particular subject. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTheatreofcruelty
theatre of cruelty -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTheatreoftheabsurd
theatre of the absurd -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTopographicalpoetry
topographical poetry - Topographical poetry or loco-descriptive poetry is a genre of poetry that describes, and often praises, a landscape or place. John Denham's 1642 poem "Cooper's Hill" established the genre, which peaked in popularity in 18th-century England. Examples of topographical verse date, however, to the late classical period, and can be found throughout the medieval era and during the Renaissance. Though the earliest examples come mostly from continental Europe, the topographical poetry in the tradition originating with Denham concerns itself with the classics, and many of the various types of topographical verse, such as river, ruin, or hilltop poems were established by the early 17th century. Alexander Pope's "Windsor Forest" (1713) and John Dyer's "Grongar Hill' (1762) are two other oft-mentioned examples. More recently, Matthew Arnold's "The Scholar Gipsy" (1853) praises the Oxfordshire countryside, and W. H. Auden's "In Praise of Limestone" (1948) uses a limestone landscape as an allegory. Subgenres of topographical poetry include the country house poem, written in 17th-century England to compliment a wealthy patron, and the prospect poem, describing the view from a distance or a temporal view into the future, with the sense of opportunity or expectation. When understood broadly as landscape poetry and when assessed from its establishment to the present, topographical poetry can take on many formal situations and types of places. Kenneth Baker identifies 37 varieties and compiles poems from the 16th through the 20th centuries—from Edmund Spenser to Sylvia Plath—correspondent to each type, from "Walks and Surveys," to "Mountains, Hills, and the View from Above," to "Violation of Nature and the Landscape," to "Spirits and Ghosts." Common aesthetic registers of which topographical poetry make use include pastoral imagery, the sublime, and the picturesque. These latter two registers subsume imagery of rivers, ruins, moonlight, birdsong, and clouds, peasants, mountains, caves, and waterscapes.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTractpamphlet
tract pamphlet -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTragedy
tragedy - Literary works of serious and dignified character that reach disastrous or sorrowful conclusions.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTragicomedy
tragicomedy - Tragicomedy is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic forms. Most often seen in dramatic literature, the term can variously describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic elements to lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTranslation
translation - Translated versions of a text.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTravelwriting
travel writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreTreatise
treatise - Formal and systematic written expositions of the principles of a subject, generally longer and more detailed than essays.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreUtopia
utopia - An imaginary place or government in which political and social perfection has been reached in the material world as opposed to some spiritual afterlife as discussed in the Christian Bible or the Elysian fields of The Odyssey. The citizens of such utopias are typically universally clean, virtuous, healthy, and happy, or at least those who are criminals are always captured and appropriately punished. A utopian society is one that has cured all social ills. See discussion under Utopian literature, below. Contrast with dystopia. UTOPIANDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreVersenovel
verse novel - A verse novel is a type of narrative poetry in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. Either simple or complex stanzaic verse-forms may be used, but there will usually be a large cast, multiple voices, dialogue, narration, description, and action in a novelistic manner.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreVignette
vignette - In theatrical script writing, sketch stories, and poetry, a vignette is a short impressionistic scene that focuses on one moment or gives a trenchant impression about a character, idea, setting, or object.[citation needed] This type of scene is more common in recent postmodern theater, where less emphasis is placed on adhering to the conventions of theatrical structure and story development. Vignettes have been particularly influenced by contemporary notions of a scene as shown in film, video and television scripting. It is also a part of something bigger than itself: for example, a vignette about a house belonging to a collection of vignettes or a whole story, such as The House On Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros. A blog can provide a form of vignette.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreVillanelle
villanelle - A versatile genre of poetry consisting of nineteen lines--five tercets and a concluding quatrain. The form requires that whole lines be repeated in a specific order, and that only two rhyming sounds occur in the course of the poem. A number of English poets, including Oscar Wilde, W. E. Henley, and W. H. Auden have experimented with it. Here is an example of an opening stanza to one poem by W. E. Henley: Probably the most famous English villanelle is Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night."Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#genreYoungadultwriting
young adult writing -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#gentry
gentry - Gentry indicates someone who is property-owning or related to the same; property can be land or stocks and bonds. It begins in the idea of owning arms and having a coat of arms. but is distinguished from nobility in so far as money is not necessarily related to blood and title. Disinterested gentlemen are of this class (i.e. Mr. Bennett in Jane Austen). Gentlewomen belong to this class, even thought they may not themselves own much property but instead be supported by a father or brother, or they may be distressed, which is to say, impoverished gentlewomen, as in the case of Jane Eyre or Austen's Jane Fairfax.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#hinduism
Hinduism - General term for the set of intellectual and philosophical tenets and highly diverse beliefs and practices that define the civilization, art, literature, society, and politics of the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is not a common set of rigid beliefs , but varies significantly between different regions; it includes Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Srauta, and numerous other traditions. Among other practices and philosophies, Hinduism includes a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on karma, dharma, and societal norms. The highest divine powers are seen as complementary to one another and not exclusive. Hinduism does not have a particular founder or central authority. Hindu literature is rich and varied, with no one text considered uniquely authoritative. The Vedas, dating to the Vedic period (ca. 1200-500 BCE), are the earliest extant writings. Religious law books and epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have been and continue to be highly influential.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#indigent
indigent - This social group is poor, destitute, unemployed, supported by charity, or on social security.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#islam
Islamism - Refers to the religious beliefs and social practices founded in the seventh century by the Arabian Prophet Muhammad, held to be the last of a series of major prophets, which include, according to Islamic dogma, Adam, Noah, and Jesus. It later spread throughout the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and parts of Asia. It is characterized by the belief in the fundamental idea that a devotee 'surrenders' and submits his will to Allah, the prime creator and sustainer of the universe and all creation. In Islam, God is unique and has no partner or intermediary as in the Christian Trinity. Social service and the active alleviation of suffering in others is considered the only path to salvation and prayer and sacred ritual alone are inadequate forms of submission to Allah. The Qur'an (Koran), the sacred text of the religion, is a compilation of revelations from Allah believed to have been received by Muhammad.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#jewishGeographicalHeritage
Jewish -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#jewishNationalIdentity
Jewish -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#jewishReligion
Jewish - Refers to the monotheistic religion of the Jewish people, central to which is the belief that the ancient Israelites experienced God's presence in human events. Jews believe that the one God delivered the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt, revealed the structure of communal and individual life to them, and chose them to be a holy nation of people able to set an example for all humankind. The Hebrew Bible and Talmud are the two primary sources for Judaism's spiritual and ethical principles. The religion, which traces its origins to Abraham, places more emphasis on expressing beliefs through ritual rather than through abstract doctrine. The Sabbath, beginning on sunset on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday, is the central religious observance; there is also an annual cycle of religious festivals and days of fasting. Judaism has had a diverse history of development over almost 4000 years, with a number of resulting branches in modern times, namely Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#lowerMiddleClass
This includes employees, clerical workers, teachers, and governesses. Note, however, that some teachers go into Professional (Mr. Chips) and women starting schools and then managing them also go into Professional. - Employees, clerical workers, teachers, governesses. Note, however, that some teachers go into Professional (Mr. Chips) and women starting schools and then managing them also go into Professional.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#managerial
managerial - Someone whose station in life comes from the fact that they are running something but not putting their money into it, e.g. salaried civil service, bankers, hospital administrators.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#methodistChurch
Methodist Church -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#millenarianism
Millenarianism -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#nobility
nobility - This group refers to those holding a title or of close family relation to someone holding a title (such as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Lord Byron, or Nancy Mitford).
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#occultism
Occultism/Theosophism - Any religious or philosophic ideology based on mystical insight into the nature of God and/or divine truth. This insight is attained only through direct experience of the divine. The term is sometimes used to specifically refer to the principles of the Theosophical Society founded in New York in 1875 by Madame Blavatsky and H. S. Olcott which incorporated aspects of Buddhism and Brahmanism.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#plymouthBrethren
Plymouth Brethren -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#presbyterianism
Presbyterian - One of the main Protestant groups that arose out of the 16th-century Reformation. Generally speaking, modern Presbyterian churches trace their origins to the Calvinist churches of the British Isles, the European counterparts of which came to be known by the more inclusive name of Reformed. The term presbyterian also denotes a collegiate type of church government led by pastors and lay leaders called elders or presbyters. Strictly speaking, all Presbyterian churches are a part of the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition, although not all Reformed churches are presbyterian in their form of government.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#professional
professional - Includes doctors, lawyers, guild members, and those of high calling such as members of the clergy (Church of England). It implies social respect and intellectual requirements. Examples are Ann Hunter, who was married to a surgeon, and Virginia Woolf, daughter of an intellectual.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#protestantism
Protestantism - The general term for types of Christian faith originating from the Reformation. Although the early forms of Protestantism were those who followed Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli, the term now includes most non-Roman Catholic or non-Orthodox denominations. Protestants want to be closer to the style of faith of the early Church which they feel has been obscured in Catholic practices. The term derives from the word 'protestari' which means not only to protest but to avow or confess. Common characteristics of Protestantism include the justification by faith alone, the authority of scripture, and the priesthood of all believers, in which not only the clergy are able to hear the confession of sin.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#quakers
Quaker - Quakers (or Friends) are members of a group of religious Christian movements which is known as the Religious Society of Friends in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and parts of North America; and known as the Friends Church in Africa, Asia, South America and parts of the US. The movements were originally, and are still predominantly based on Christianity. Members of the movements profess the priesthood of all believers, a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity. To differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were approximately 359,000 adult Quakers.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#rationalDissenter
Rational Dissenter -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#rural-unskilled
rural-unskilled - This generally indicates farm laborers, mostly male in earlier periods, and includes migrant farm workers.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#servants
servants - Domestic servants typically live in the home with the family or institution that employs them, although the lowest class of servants might work only casually and hence not receive room and board. This type of labour, very common before the twentieth century, is distinct from that of service positions such as shop assistants, flight attendances, and restaurant workers.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#shopkeepers
Typically applied to someone who owns and runs a pub or shop, but not on the scale of an entrepreneur or industrialist. - Owns and runs a pub or shop. Similar to an industrialist but to a lesser degree of magnitude.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#skilledCraftpersonArtisan
This category includes such trades as goldsmith, tailor, shoemaker, milliner, and dressmaker. - Goldsmith, tailor, shoemaker, milliner, dressmaker.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#societyOfFriends
Society of Friends -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#tractarianMovement
Tractarian Movement -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#unitarianChurch
Unitarian Church -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#unitarianism
Unitarianism - The liberal Protestant movement that arose in Europe during the 16th century Reformation, was embodied in a church in Transylvania, and achieved denominational status in the 19th century in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. It is characterized by a denial of the orthodox Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, the free use of reason in religion, and the belief that God exists in one person. In 1961, in the United States and Canada, it merged with the Universalist denomination to form "Unitarian Universalism." Use also generally for the theological doctrines of the unified nature of God and the humanity of Jesus, first expressed in second- and third-century monarchism and in the teachings of Arius in the third and fourth centuries, and later in the radical Neoplatonist thinkers of the Reformation such as Michael Servetus, Faustus Socinus, and Ferenc David.
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#upper-middleClass
upper middle class -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#urban-industrialUnskilled
This category includes factory workers and workers in urban or large-scale industries without defined trades or professional qualifications, and those in low-wage and low-status service sector jobs, such as the restaurant or fast-food industry, in industrial or post-industrial societies. -
URI: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#yeoman-farmer
Members of this historica class owned just enough land to support themselves if they did most of the work themselves. Examples include Elizabeth Ham and Mary Webb. - Own just enough land to support themselves if they do most of the work themselves (ie Elizabeth Ham, Mary Webb).
Beyond the formalism of [citation on ontology design rules], the CWRC ontology follows the following design rules and styles:
SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) enjoys widespread popularity in the semantic web community as it provides simple terms for taxonomies without requiring reasoner support. Whenever appropriate, SKOS terms are inserted within this ontology to link terms to each other. However, since these terms are not ontologically powered, their scalability is limited since each additional layer of terms within a taxonomy requires another database query.
Some of the constructs within the CWRC ontology are deep and require reasoning support. OWL is the preferred means of using this ontology, though the usage of the terms, SKOS-style, is possible.
This is a draft ontology that is very much in progress. It will continue to be developed, expanded, and revised as we discover the implications of how we have structured the ontology through using it to extract and explore our data, data and uses cases that necessitate expansion or refinement, and as new needs, understandings, and debates arise.
0.99 - Initial public release.
0.99.2 - Periodic release with updated logos, genres, documentation and proper masthead data.
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[ http ]
Keywords: Conversations, Vol. 1, No. 1 Winter 2011 |
| [mark_algee-hewitt_representing_2016] | Mark Algee-Hewitt, J.D. Porter, and Hannah Walser. Representing race and ethnicity in american fiction, 1789- 1964. Banff, Canada,, October 2016. |
| [matthew_k._gold_debates_2016] |
Matthew K. Gold and Lauren F. Klein, editors.
Debates in the Digital Humanities 2016.
2016.
[ http ]
If the publication of Debates in the Digital Humanities in 2012 marked the “digital humanities moment,” this book—the first in a series of annual volumes—will chart the possibilities and tensions of the field as it grows.
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