The CWRC Ontology
type: Ontology
type: Vocabulary
preferred namespace prefix: cwrc
preferred namespace uri: http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontology/cwrc#
title: L'Ontologie CWRC @fr
description: The CWRC Ontology is the ontology of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory.
description: L'Ontologie CWRC est l'ontologie du Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada. @fr
version info: 0.99.3
prior version: cwrc-2017-03-18
date: 2017-06-10
rights: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
term status: Testing
creator: John Simpson
creator: Abigel Lemak
creator: Jade Penancier
creator: Kim Martin
creator: Susan Brown
creator: Colin Faulkner
creator: Robert Warren
creator: Alliyya Mo
publisher: The Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory
pdr: Susan Brown
ctb: Constance Crompton
fnd: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
subject: sh85019388
subject: sh85043777
subject: sh85013838
subject: sh85077519
subject: sh2009007122

John Simpson
type: Person

Abigel Lemak
type: Person

Jade Penancier
type: Person

Kim Martin
type: Person

Colin Faulkner
type: Person

Robert Warren
type: Person

Alliyya Mo
type: Person

The Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory
type: Organization
name: Le Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada @fr

Susan Brown
type: Person

Constance Crompton
type: Person

Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
type: Organization
name: Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines @fr
nick: SSHRC

The CWRC Ontology
type: Dataset
title: L'Ontologie CWRC @fr
description: The CWRC Ontology is the ontology of the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory.
description: L'Ontologie CWRC est l'ontologie du Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada. @fr
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
jurisdiction: Canada
attribution URL: http://www.cwrc.ca/
creator: John Simpson
creator: AbiLemak
creator: Colin Faulkner
creator: Robert Warren
publisher: The Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory
creator: Jade Penancier
creator: Alliyya Mo
creator: Kim Martin
creator: Susan Brown
ctb: Constance Crompton
ctb: Members of the Orlando Project
pdr: Susan Brown
fnd: Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
subject: sh85019388
subject: sh85043777
subject: sh85013838
subject: sh85077519
subject: sh2009007122

Members of the Orlando Project
type: Concept
label: Les membres du project Orlando @fr
type: Group
name: Members of the Orlando Project.
definition: The collection of all persons having written entries for The Orlando Project.
definition: La collection de tous les auteurs du Projet Orlando. @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
triples: 4775
entities: 414

Event
type: Class
label: Event (Historical)
label: Évenement (Historique) @fr
definition: An event that occurs in space and time.
type: TemporalEntity
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

hasActor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An Actor in this event.
domain: Event
range: Actor
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Actor
type: Class
comment: A person performing a certain role within an event.
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Identity
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The identity of the person who committed the act.
domain: Actor
range: Person
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

In Role
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The role taken on by this actor.
domain: Actor
range: Role
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

address
type: Class
label: adresse @fr
definition: A mailling or street address.
definition: Une adresse postale ou de rue. @fr
comment: The postal address is the equivalent of a schema.org address and inherits all of the data from that vocabulary to markup a modern postral address.
subclass of: Place
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Place
type: Class
label: Endroit @fr
definition: A named place, wheter incorporated, settled or occupied.
definition: Un endroit nommé, qu'il soit déclaré, investi ou occupé.
comment: Could be a populated place according to Geonames, but not necessarily so. Some places, such as cross-roads are named without having a population or settlement per say. The geonames is incosistent in this regards in that a populated place can be abandonned.
equivalent class: Feature
equivalent class: Place
subclass of: SpatialThing
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Cultural Formation
type: DeprecatedClass
label: Formation Culturelle @fr
type: Concept
definition: Cultural formation refers to the processes of lived social subjectivities of people and is often combined with predicates indicating the identity positions as they relate to the following discursive constructions of Class, Religion, Ethnicity, Gender, GeographicalHeritage, LinguisticAbility, NationalHeritage, NationalIdentity, PoliticalAffiliation, RaceColour, Sexuality. These categories are not understood as transhistorical or isolated categories. Rather, they facilitate analysis of how such situationally contingent, changing, and negotiated labels are assigned to or adopted by a particular individual. The tensions endemic to practices of classification demand critical engagement and inquiry into the situatedness of particular cultural identities.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
equivalent class: Cultural Form

Cultural Form
type: Class
label: Formation Culturelle @fr
type: Concept
definition: Cultural forms refers to the processes of lived social subjectivities of people and is often combined with predicates indicating the identity positions as they relate to the following discursive constructions of Class, Religion, Ethnicity, Gender, GeographicalHeritage, LinguisticAbility, NationalHeritage, NationalIdentity, PoliticalAffiliation, RaceColour, Sexuality. These categories are not understood as transhistorical or isolated categories. Rather, they facilitate analysis of how such situationally contingent, changing, and negotiated labels are assigned to or adopted by a particular individual. The tensions endemic to practices of classification demand critical engagement and inquiry into the situatedness of particular cultural identities.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has a cultural form
type: ObjectProperty
label: a une formation culturelle @fr
definition: This sub-class of culturalFormation associates specific concepts and categories with the process of identity formation through cultural processes. Such associations may be or have been embraced by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. The concepts and categories classed as culturalForms are understood to overlap with each other conceptually and in terms of the labels used.
definition: Cette sous-classe de culturalFormation associe des concepts et des catégories spécifiques au processus de formation identitaire à travers les processus culturels. Le sujet elle/lui-même peut ou a pu s’approprier de telles associations, ou d’autres personnes les lui ont attribuées. Les concepts et les catégories classés dans culturalForms se chevauchent en théorie et en terme d'étiquettes utilisés. @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Context
type: Class
type: Annotation
label: Contexte @fr
type: Concept
definition: A context relates....
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Race Ethnicity Context
type: Class
label: Contexte racial et/ou ethnique @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Context
definition: raceEthnicityContext is a significant sub-class within culturalForms. It indicates the presence of information and discussions of a person's subject position with regards to race and ethnicity by working in conjunction with subject specific sub-elements (raceColour, nationalHeritage, geogHeritage, ethnicity). The following discussion applies to both the general discursive context of raceAndEthnicity as well as the specific sub-class categories. Despite the ways in which categories of race and ethnicity frequently serve heinous interests, their ideological and material impacts in the formation of identities requires recognition. These are shifting, historically constituted, and interestedly deployed categories whose use must be situated contextually and which are understood here finally as discursive or representational. Because of this this ontology does not try to lay out an exact, fully defined, or mutually exclusive set of categories: this is an impossibility given their shifting use and the overlap among them. Those applying this class and its subclasses are encouraged not to let privileged identities operate as an unspoken given or to use this class solely in relation to the marginalized. Those concerned about "white" and "black" as homogenizing categories are encouraged to reach for specificity through multiplicity and representations of intersectionality. RaceAndEthnicity is a sub-class within culturalFormation. It has four related content sub-classes: raceColour, nationalHeritage, geogHeritage, and ethnicity.
definition: raceEthnicityContext est une sous-classe importante de culturalForms. Elle indique la présence d’informations et de discussions sur le sujet concernant son appartenance raciale et ethnique, fonctionnant conjointement avec les sous-éléments spécifiques au sujet (raceColour, nationalHeritage, geogHeritage, ethnicity). La discussion qui suit s’applique aussi bien au contexte discursif général de raceAndEthnicity ainsi qu’aux catégories spécifiques de cette sous-classe. Même si les catégories de race et d'ethnicité sont fréquemment manipulées au service d'intérêts déplorables, leurs répercussions idéologiques et matérielles sur la formation identitaire requière qu'on les prenne en compte. Ces catégories sont changeantes, historiquement constituées, développées de façon intéressée, et leur usage doit être situé dans leur contexte; elles sont finalement comprises ici comme discursives et représentationnelles. C'est pour ces raisons que l'ontologie ne prétend pas présenter un ensemble de catégories exact, complètement défini, ou mutuellement exclusif, ce qui est impossible étant donné leur utilisation en changement constant ainsi que leur chevauchement. Celles/ceux qui appliquent ces catégories et sous-catégories sont encouragé/es à ne pas faire fonctionner les identités privilégiées comme si elles étaient consensuelles et évidentes, ou à utiliser cette classe seulement en relation avec les marginaux. Celles/ceux préoccupés par le fait que "blanc" et "noir" sont des catégories homogénéisantes sont encouragés à atteindre la spécificité à travers la multiplicité et les représentations intersectionnelles. RaceAndEthnicity est sous-classe de culturalFormation. Elle a quatre sous-classes qui lui sont liées: raceColour, nationalHeritage, geogHeritage et ethnicity. @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
subject: Ethnicity
subject: Race and/or Colour

Sexuality Context
type: Class
label: Contexte Sexuel @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Context
definition: hasSexualityContext is a significant sub-class within culturalForms. It indicates the presence of information and discussions of a person's subject position with regards to their sexuality and sexual identity. A subclass of Cultural Formation, hasSexualityContext provides depth to more granual categorizations of a person through hasSexuality or hasSexuality. It is not meant to capture individual sexual experiences and relationships, which are covered by intimateRelationships. Specific relationships may be invoked here to indicate the effect on a subject's life and understanding of her own sexuality. This effort to to contextualize gestures towards some of the complicated issues around sexuality, for example, the politics of outing, the historical specificity of some categories such as "congenital invert," or the multiple forms of relating to one's own sexuality. Capturing discussions of her sexuality within this element, will help users interested in the historical, ideological and gendered constructions of sexuality. There are important politics of privacy with respect to the disclosure of a subject's sexuality, sexual orientation and sexual identity. As far as living persons are concerned, our practice is to draw only on widely circulated public sources or disclosures from the subject her/himself in order to avoid inadvertently outing someone. See Campbell and Cowan 2016
definition: sexualityContext est une sous-classe importante de culturalForms. Elle indique la présence de données ou de discussions sur la subjectivité d’une personne en ce qui concerne sa sexualité et son identité sexuelle. Sous-classe de culturalForms, sexualityContext approfondit la catégorisation granulaire d’une personne à travers hasSexuality ou hasSexuality. Elle n’est pas vouée à répertorier les expériences sexuelles et relations personnelles, qui sont comprises dans intimateRelationships. Des relations spécifiques pourront être évoquées ici pour indiquer les conséquences qu’elles ont eu dans la vie du sujet ou la compréhension de sa propre sexualité. Cet effort de contextualisation est un mouvement vers des questions complexes autours de la sexualité, comme par exemple les politiques de délation autour de la sexualité, la spécificité historique de certaines catégories comme “inversion sexuelle”, ou les multiples formes liées à la sexualité d’une personne. En saisissant les discussions sur sa sexualité, cet élément sera utile aux utilisateurs intéressés par la construction historique, idéologique et genrée de la sexualité. Les politiques de confidentialité sont importantes au regard de la divulgation de la sexualité, de l’orientation et de l’identité sexuelles du sujet. En ce qui concerne les personnes toujours en vie, notre pratique est de ne nous appuyer que sur des sources ou des divulgations diffusées au public large par le sujet elle/lui-même, afin d’éviter de dévoiler des informations privées sur sa sexualité par inadvertance. Voir Campbell and Cowan 2016 (http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=fimspub). @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
subject: Sexuality
subject: Gender

Language Context
type: Class
label: Contexte Linguistique @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Context
subject: Linguistic Ability (Spoken and/or Writen)
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
subject: Linguistic Ability

Social Class Context
type: Class
label: Contexte de Classe Sociale @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Context
subject: Social Class Identity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Religious Context
type: Class
label: Contexte Religieux @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Context
subject: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Nationality Context
type: Class
label: Contexte de Nationalité @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Context
subject: National Heritage
subject: National Identity
subject: Geographical Heritage
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Political Context
type: Class
label: Contexte Politique @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Context
subject: Political Affiliation
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Racial, Colour or Ethnicity Context
type: Class
label: Contexte Racial, de Couleur de Peau ou d'Ethnicité @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Context
subject: Ethnicity
subject: Race and/or Colour
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Gender Context
type: Class
label: Contexte de Genre @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Context
subject: Gender
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

National Heritage
type: Class
label: Héritage National @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: A subclass of culturalForms, this descrbes a person's national heritage and is not the same as citizenship.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

English
type: National Heritage
label: Anglaise @fr
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Thing

Jewish
type: National Identity
label: Juif @fr
type: Concept
broader: jewishlabel
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Thing

National Identity
type: Class
label: Identité Nationale @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: A subclass of culturalForms, this descrbes a person's nationality/ies and is not the same as citizenship.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

English
type: National Identity
label: Anglaise @fr
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Thing

Linguistic Ability
type: Class
label: Habilité linguistique @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: These terms do not differentiate between spoken and/or written. For operational reasons this class is a direct equivalent to ISO639 language code as published by the Library of Congress.
definition: Écrit ou Parlé. Pour des raisons opérationnelles, cette classe est équivalente à la classe de langage iso639 publiée par le Library of Congress. @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

English
type: Linguistic Ability
label: Anglais @fr
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Thing

French
type: Linguistic Ability
label: Français @fr
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Geographical Heritage
type: Class
label: Héritage Géographique @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: GeographicalHeritage is a subclass of CulturalForm that captures information about the geographical origins of a person's family which often contributes to an understanding of their racial and ethnic background. It offers a way to capture women identified as "South-Asian," for example, when no more precise national heritage is indicated. See raceAndEthnicity for a detailed description of the complexities of this element.
definition: GeographicalHeritage est une sous-classe de CulturalForms qui contient des informations sur les origines géographiques de la famille d'une personne, ce qui contribue souvent à la compréhension de ses origines ethnique et raciale. Cela permet de saisir l’identité de femmes qui se déclarent “sud-asiatiques” par exemple, quand aucune autre précision n'est fournie concernant l'héritage national. Voir raceEthnicityContext pour un compte-rendu détaillé de la complexité de cet élément. @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

england
type: Geographical Heritage
label: angleterre @fr
name: England (Geographical Heritage)
broader: jewish
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Thing

Jewish
type: Geographical Heritage
label: Juif @fr
name: Jewish (Geographical Heritage)
broader: jewish
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Thing

Gender
type: Class
label: Genre @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: A subclass of culturalForms for noting a person's gender whether attributed or self-defined. Although in popular culture gender and biological sex are conflated and understood to be binary, the concept of gender stresses the relationality, constructedness, and performativity of gendered identities and gendered behaviour, whose categories are historically contingent and shifting, and the boundaries between them blurry. Cf. Simone de Beauvoir: "One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman," along with many other theorists of gender including Judith Butler, 1990. Gender is understood as fluid, situational, and sometimes plural, and it is related to though not commensurate with sexual identity and orientation. It is related to but not defined by specific forms of embodiment. Rather than seeing biological sex as a pre-social or natural given, the body is understood as a site of inscription (cf. Elizabeth Grosz 1994) which is also socially constructed and indeed epigenetically shaped by environmental factors (N. Katherine Hayles 2012). This ontology therefore does not provide separate terms for sex as distinct from gender. Instead, the slashes conjoining terms associated with gender and those conventionally associated with sex indicate the constant slippage between gender and sex in the way that these categories circulate through discourses, actions, and institutions. Far from indicating a universal facet of experience, gender intersects with other identity categories and axes of oppression such as class, race or colour, or geographical heritage to produced quite different interests and experiences among people of the same gender, as with the intersection of religion and white masculine identity in the Muscular Christianity movement in nineteenth-century Britain. Being a woman of colour may thus compound the impacts of gender oppression (Kimberlé Crenshaw 1989).
definition: Cette sous-classe de culturalForms indique le genre d’une personne, qu’il soit attribué par cette dernière ou auto-défini. Même si dans la culture populaire le genre et le sexe biologique sont confondus et binaires, le concept de genre souligne la relativité, la constructivité et la performativité des identités et des comportements genrés, réparties en catégories historiquement contingentes, changeantes et aux frontières floues. Cf Simone de Beauvoir: “On ne naît pas femme, on le devient,” et d’autres nombreuses théoriciennes du genre, dont Judith Butler en 1990. Le genre est entendu comme fluide, situationnel, parfois pluriel, et est relié à, l’identité et l’orientation sexuelles même s’ils ne doivent pas être confondus. Il est relié à des formes spécifiques d’incarnation ou à des comportements physiques, sans pour autant être défini par eux. Plutôt que de voir le sexe biologique comme présocial et attribué par nature, le corps est compris comme un lieu d’inscriptions (cf Elizabeth Grosz 1994) qui est aussi socialement construit et épigénétiquement modelé par des facteurs environnementaux (N. Katherine Hayles 2012). Cette ontologie ne fournit donc pas de termes séparés pour le genre et le sexe. Les barres obliques qui lient les termes associés aux genres et ceux conventionnellement attribués au sexe indiquent plutôt le glissement constant de ces catégories au fil des discours, des actions et des institutions. Loin d’indiquer une part d’expérience universelle, le genre s’entrecroise avec d’autres catégories d’identité et axes d’oppression comme la classe, la race, la couleur, ou l’héritage géographique pour produire des intérêts et des expériences bien différentes pour les personnes d’un même genre. Un exemple est l’intersection de la religion et de l’identité masculine du mouvement de la Chrétienté Musculaire formé au Royaume-Uni au 19ème siècle. Dans ce contexte, être une femme de couleur devait aggraver les oppressions liées au genre (Kimberlé Crenshaw 1989). @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

man/male
type: Gender
label: woman/female @fr
name: man/male (gender)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Thing

Woman/Female
type: Gender
label: Femme/Femelle @fr
name: Woman/Female (gender)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Thing

Transman/Transmale
type: Gender
label: Homme Trans @fr
name: Transman/Transmale (gender)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Transwoman/Transfemale
type: Gender
label: Femme Trans @fr
name: Transwoman/Transfemale (gender)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

GenderQueer
type: Class
label: Non-binaire @fr
note: Listed as non-binary? in french
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Androgynous
type: Class
label: Androgyne @fr
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Sexuality
type: Class
label: Sexualité @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: These terms capture in a word or phrase identifications of sexuality (i.e., "lesbian," "monogamous," "heterosexual") not as a means of shutting down but advancing investigation and critical analysis of these identifications. The association assumes that sexual identity does not function in an essentialist manner but can be plural and fluid, so multiple designations can be applied to a single person. Assertions of sexual itentity may come from the subject her/himself or from others. They may be in tension or mutually exclusive, and they may reflect different life stages. Linking to the term "lesbian" as a sexualIdentity class, for instance, does not signify that the subject was in any definitive sense a lesbian; such identifications are often impossible for reasons of historical gaps and silences. As far as living persons are concerned, our practice is to draw only on widely circulated public sources or disclosures from the subject her/himself in order to avoid inadvertently outing someone. See Campbell and Cowan 2016
definition: Ces termes englobent en un mot ou en une phrase, l’identification à des types de sexualité (par exemple “lesbienne”, “monogame”, “hétérosexuel/le”), non pas pour fermer la discussion, mais pour développer l’étude et l’analyse critique de ces identifications. L’association suppose que la sexualité n’est pas vécue de manière essentialiste, mais peut être plurielle et fluide, et ainsi plusieurs désignations peuvent être appliquées à une seule personne. Les affirmations de l’identité sexuelle peuvent venir du sujet elle/lui-même ou bien d’autres personnes. Elles peuvent être en tension ou incompatibles, et refléter différents moments de la vie. Par exemple, lier le terme “lesbienne” à la classe sexualIdentiy ne signifie pas que le sujet était définitivement lesbienne, puisqu’une telle identification est souvent impossible à cause des lacunes et silences historiques. En ce qui concerne les personnes toujours en vie, notre pratique est de ne nous appuyer que sur des sources ou des divulgations diffusées au public large par le sujet elle/lui-même afin d’éviter de dévoiler sa sexualité par inadvertance. @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Sexual Identity
type: DeprecatedClass
label: Identité Sexuelle @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
comment: Deprecated in favour of #Sexuality term.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
equivalent class: Sexuality

Heterosexual
type: Sexuality
label: Hétérosexuelle @fr
name: Heterosexual (Sexual Identity)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Homosexual
type: Sexuality
label: Homosexuelle @fr
name: Homosexual (Sexual Identity)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Lesbian
type: Sexuality
label: Lesbienne @fr
name: Lesbian (Sexual Identity)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Sex Identity
type: DeprecatedClass
label: Identité Sexe @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
comment: Deprecated in favour of class Gender.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
equivalent class: Gender

Male
label: Mâle @fr
name: Male (Sex)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
comment: Deprecated in favour of instance #genderManMale.
deprecated: true
equivalent class: man/male
type: Thing

Female
label: Femelle @fr
name: Female (Sex)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
comment: Deprecated in favour of instance #genderWomanFemale.
deprecated: true
equivalent class: Woman/Female
type: Thing

Unknown
label: Inconnue @fr
name: Unknown (Sex)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
comment: Deprecated with no current equivalence.
deprecated: true

Race and/or Colour
type: Class
label: Race et/ou Couleur de Peau @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

white
type: DeprecatedClass
label: blanc @fr
name: White (Race Colour)
type: Concept
subclass of: white
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
equivalent class: white
type: Thing

white
type: Race and/or Colour
label: blanc @fr
name: White (Race Colour)
type: Concept
subclass of: white
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

eurasian
type: Race and/or Colour
label: eurasienne @fr
name: Eurasian (Race Colour)
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Race and/or Ethnicity
type: Class
label: Race et/ou Ethnicité @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Ethnicity
type: Class
label: Ethnicité @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Ethnicity is a subclass of CulturalForm that captures information about a person's ethnic position. Ethnicity is a sub-element within culturalFormation and raceAndEthnicity. See raceAndEthnicity for a detailed description of the complexities of this discursive construction and the social practices surrounding it.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

white
type: Ethnicity
label: blanc @fr
name: White (Ethnicity)
subclass of: white
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Thing

Jewish
type: DeprecatedClass
label: Juif @fr
name: Jewish (Ethnicity)
broader: jewish
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
equivalent class: Jewish

Jewish
type: Ethnicity
label: Juif @fr
name: Jewish (Ethnicity)
broader: jewish
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
subclass of: jewish
type: Thing

Religion
type: Class
type: ConceptScheme
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: A subclass of CulturalForm, this describes a person's religion(s) or belief system(s). Note that while atheism denotes the absence of religion, we use the Religion label for convinience.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Church of England
type: Religion
label: 英國聖公會 (英國國教) @zh-hant
label: yīng guó shèng gōng huì @zh-latn
label: ying guo sheng gong hui @zh-latn
label: ying kuo sheng kung hui @zh-latn
label: anglicaans (kerk van Engeland) @nl
label: anglicanismo @es
label: Iglesia de Inglaterra @es
label: Église d'Angleterre @fr
definition: A Christian denomination having both Protestant and Catholic aspects that originated with Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church (ca. 1532-34). As the official state Church of England, the monarch of England is still formally considered its head. While at first it remained mainly Catholic in character, reforms came under Edward IV and Elizabeth I who introduced doctrine that was more Protestant in nature, namely new editions of the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-nine Articles. Although an overall attitude of toleration exists in the modern Anglican Church, tension remains between its Protestant and Catholic inclinations as well as with newer liberal and evangelical influences. Anglicanism is based on episcopal authority and parish structure is fundamental to the organization of the church. The term is used with regard to the Church of England; with regard to the Episcopal Church in America, use "Episcopal."
definition: Te gebruiken om te verwijzen naar de anglicaanse kerk (Church of England); gebruik 'episcopaal' om te verwijzen naar de episcopale kerk in Amerika. De term verwijst naar een christelijke geloofsrichting met zowel protestantse als katholieke elementen die ontstond na de breuk tussen de Engelse koning Hendrik VIII en de rooms-katholieke kerk (circa 1532-34). Het anglicanisme is de officiële Britse staatsgodsdienst, en de Britse soevereine vorst is nog altijd het officiële hoofd van de anglicaanse kerk. Aanvankelijk droeg de kerk nog een overwegend katholiek karakter, maar onder Edward IV en Elizabeth I werden er hervormingen doorgevoerd en werd een meer protestants georiënteerde geloofsleer geïntroduceerd, met een nieuwe versie van het Book of Common Prayer en de Negenendertig Artikelen. Hoewel de huidige anglicaanse kerk in het algemeen wordt gekenmerkt door een tolerante houding, zijn de spanningen tussen protestants en katholiek gezinde stromingen binnen de kerk nooit verdwenen en heerst er weerstand tegen nieuwe vrijzinnige en evangelische invloeden. Het anglicanisme berust op episcopaal gezag en op een structuur van parochies, welke van fundamenteel belang is voor de kerkelijke organisatie. @nl
definition: Úsese con referencia a la Iglesia de Inglaterra y también con referencia a la Iglesia Episcopal de Estados Unidos (úsese Iglesia Episcopal). Este término s erefiere a a una denominación cristiana que contiene elementos católicos y protestantes en varios aspectos y que se originó con el rey Enrique VIII quien rompió con la Iglesia Católica Romana (ca. 1532-1534) Es la iglesia oficial de Inglaterra, la Monarquía Inglesa es aún formalmente considerada su cabeza.Mientras en sus comienzos conservaba su carácter católico, con las reformas realizadas bajo Eduardo IV e Isabel I quienes introdujeron una doctrina que está más cerca del protestantismo y que se encuentra contenida en nuevas ediciones del Libro de Oraciones Comunes y en los Treinta y nueve Artículos. Aunque el anglicanismo tiene actualmente una actitud de total tolerancia, aún persisten tensiones con las iglesias protestantes y católicas así como de últimas influencias liberales y evangélicas.El Anglicanismo está basado en la autoridad episcopal y se sustenta en una estructura de parroquias que resulta fundamental para la organización de la Iglesia. @es
definition: 英王亨利八世與羅馬天主教教會(西元1532-34年)分裂所創的基督教派別，同時含有新教與天主教元素。作為官方英國國教，其正式教會首腦仍為英國國王。起初較具天主教特色，在愛德華四世與伊莉莎白一世時改革，加入較具新教本質的教條，即：新版的公禱書(Book of Common Prayer)及三十九條信綱(Thirty-nine Articles)。雖然現代的英國聖公會大體上態度已越顯寬容，但教會內的新教派系與天主教派系關係仍緊繃，也仍不樂於接受較新的自由與福音派影響。英國聖公會奠基於主教的權威上，牧師教區的結構對教會組織十分重要。此詞彙用於指稱英國國教；美國區的主教派教會，則稱為「美國聖公會(Episcopal)」。 @zh-hant
type: Concept
type: Organization
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300153822
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Baptist
type: Religion
label: 浸禮宗 @zh-hant
label: 浸禮派 @zh-hant
label: 浸信會 @zh-hant
label: jìn lǐ zōng @zh-latn
label: jin li zong @zh-latn
label: chin li tsung @zh-latn
label: baptisme @nl
label: baptismo @es
label: baptistas @es
label: baptiste @fr
definition: Refers to a Protestant denomination centered around the belief that the sacrament of baptism should only be administered to adult members after a personal profession of belief in Jesus Christ. Baptism in this faith is usually done by full immersion. Emphasis is placed on biblical scripture and preaching. The Baptist denomination is primarily derived from early 17th-century England and Wales where it quickly spread although there are some links with the Anabaptists of the 16th century. Baptist churches very rapidly increased in the late 19th century in the United States.
definition: Verwijst naar een protestantse gezindte waarbij het geloof centraal staat dat het sacrament van de doop alleen moet worden toegediend aan volwassen leden na een persoonlijke belijdenis van geloof in Jezus Christus. De doop vindt bij deze gezindte doorgaans plaats door volledige onderdompeling. De nadruk ligt op Bijbelse geschriften en preken. Het baptisme is in hoofdzaak ontstaan in de vroege 17de eeuw in Engeland en Wales waar het zich snel verspreidde, hoewel er enige verbanden zijn met de anabaptisten van de 16de eeuw. In de late 19de eeuw nam het aantal baptistische kerken in de Verenigde Staten snel toe. @nl
definition: Se refiere a la religión protestante centrada en torno a la creencia que el sacramento del bautismo debería ser administrado sólo a miembros adultos tras una manifestación personal de creencia en Jesucristo. El bautismo en esta fe es usualmente hecho por inmersión total. El énfasis es puesto en las Escrituras Bíblicas y la oración. La denominación baptista deriva principalmente de la Inglaterra y Gales del siglo XVII en donde rápidamente se difundió a pesar que hay algunas conexiones con los Anabaptistas del siglo XVI. La iglesia baptista creció rápidamente en el siglo XIX en los Estados Unidos. @es
definition: 一支新教派別，相信只有親自聲明信仰基督的成人才可受洗。此教的洗禮通常需全身浸洗。重視聖經經文與佈道。浸信會與十六世紀的重浸派有些淵源，但主要源於十七世紀初的英格蘭與威爾斯，在這兩處快速廣傳。其教會於十九世紀末在美國急速增加。 @zh-hant
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300153825
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Buddhism
type: Religion
label: boeddhisme @nl
label: budismo @es
alternative label: Buddhist
label: 佛教 @zh-hant
label: fó jiào @zh-latn
label: fo jiao @zh-latn
label: fo chiao @zh-latn
label: bouddhisme @fr
definition: Refers to the philosophy and religion based on the enlightenment and teachings of the Buddha Gautama in the early sixth century BCE in the northeastern region of modern India. Playing dominant roles in the art and culture of Southeast Asia and East Asia, this religion is based on the transcendence of human suffering and pain through the acceptance of the limitations of individuality, the surrender of worldly desires and cravings that cause disappointment and sorrow, and the deliverance from the impermanence of living and individual ego based on wealth, social position, or family through the process of enlightenment (nirvana). The religion also centers around 'anatman', or no-self, the idea that the self is in a state of action or a series of changing manifestations rather than in a state of fixed, metaphysical substance. The structure of the religion is based on the Triratna ("Three Jewels" of Buddha), a tripartite schematic for living based on three elements: Buddha (the teacher), dharma (the teaching), and sangha (community).
definition: Se refiere a la filosofía y religión basada en la iluminación y enseñanza del Buddha Gautama en el siglo VI a.C temprano en la región nordeste de la India Moderna. Jugando un rol dominante en el arte y la cultura del Asia Sudeste y Asia Oriental, esta religión está basada en la trascendencia del sufrimiento y dolor humano a través de la aceptación de las limitaciones de individualidad, la rendición de deseos mundanos y anhelos que causan desilusión y aflicción y la liberación desde la transitoriedad of living and individual ego based on wealth, social position, or family through the process of enlightenment (nirvana). The religion also centers around anatman, or no-self, the idea that the self is in a state of action or a series of changing manifestations rather than in a state of fixed, metaphysical substance. The structure of the religion is based on the Triratna ("Three Jewels" of Buddha), a tripartite schematic for living based on three elements: Buddha (the teacher), dharma (the teaching), and sangha (community). @es
definition: Verwijst naar de filosofie en religie die zijn gebaseerd op de verlichting en leer van Boeddha Gautama in de vroege 6de eeuw v. Chr. in het Noord-Oosten van het moderne India. Deze religie, die een dominante rol speelt in de kunst en cultuur van Zuidoost-Azië en Oost-Azië, is gebaseerd op het overstijgen van menselijk lijden en pijn door het accepteren van de grenzen van de individualiteit, het opgeven van wereldse verlangens en wensen die voor teleurstellingen en verdriet zorgen en het loslaten van het niet-permanente van het leven en het afzonderlijke ego met de bijbehorende welvaart, sociale positie of familierelaties, allemaal door het proces van de verlichting (nirvana). Bij deze religie staat ook 'anatman' centraal, het idee dat 'het zelf' altijd in ontwikkeling is of deel uitmaakt van een reeks veranderende verschijningsvormen in plaats van een vaste, metafysische substantie. De structuur van de religie is gebaseerd op de Triratna ('drie juwelen' van boeddha), een drieledige structuur voor het leven gebaseerd op drie elementen: boeddha (de leraar), dharma (de leer) en sangha (de gemeenschap). @nl
definition: 根據釋迦牟尼佛之開悟與教誨的哲學和宗教，在西元前六世紀初起源於現今印度東北部。佛教於東南亞及東亞的藝術與文化層面扮演主要角色，相信透過接受自身的局限，以及放棄會引起失望與悲傷的世俗欲求及渴望，能夠使人類的苦痛得以昇華，而在開悟（涅盤）過程中得以從短暫的生命以及建築在財富、社會地位與家庭上的個人自尊中獲得解脫。此宗教的中心思想為「無我」，認為自我是處於活動狀態或是一連串的形式改變，而非固定的形上實體狀態。佛教的架構奠基於「三寶」，即生命三元素：佛(老師)、法(規範)、僧(眾)。 @zh-hant
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300073738
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Occultism/Theosophism

Roman Catholic
type: Religion
label: rooms-katholicisme @nl
label: katholiek @nl
label: katholicisme @nl
label: catolicismo romano @es
label: catolicismo @es
label: catholique @fr
definition: Refers to the branch of Christianity characterized by a uniform, highly developed ritual canon and organizational structure with doctrinal roots based in the teachings of the Apostles of Jesus Christ in the first century, in the Alexandrian school of theology, and in Augustinian thought. In this religious branch, faith is considered an acceptance of revelation; revelation appears as doctrine. In juridical terms, it refers to the branch of Christianity distinguished as a unified, monolithic sacramental system under the governance of papal authority. Throughout much of its history, the seat of the Pope has been in Rome, thus "Roman Catholicism" is often used to distinguish this concept from the Orthodox Catholic church.
definition: Se refiere a la rama del cristianismo caracterizada por un canon ritual uniforme y altamente desarrollado y una estructura organizacional con raíces doctrinales basadas en las enseñanzas de los Apostoles de Jesucristo en la primera centuria, en la Escuela Alejandrina de teología, y en el pensamiento agustiniano. En esta rama de la religión, la fe es considerada como una aceptación de revelación; la revelación aparece como doctrina. Se refiere a la rama del cristianismo caracterizada por un canon ritual uniforme y altamente desarrollado y una estructura organizacional con raíces doctrinales basadas en las enseñanzas de los Apóstoles de Jesucristo en el primer siglo, en la Escuela Alejandrina de teología, y en el pensamiento agustiniano. En esta rama de la religión, la fe es considerada como una aceptación de revelación; la revelación aparece como doctrina. En términos jurídicos, se refiere a la rama del Cristianismo distinguido como sistema sacramental unificado, monolítico bajo gobierno de la autoridad papal. A través de la mayor parte de su historia, "la silla del papal” ha estado en Roma, mediante este concepto el Catolicismo Romano se distingue de la Iglesia Católica Ortodoxa. @es
definition: Verwijst naar de richting van het christendom die zich kenmerkt door een uniforme, hoogontwikkelde rituele canon en organisatiestructuur met een doctrine die wortelt in de leer van de apostelen van Jezus Christus in de 1ste eeuw, in de theologie van de Alexandrijnse school en in het augustijner gedachtegoed. In deze godsdienstige richting wordt het geloof beschouwd als een aanvaarding van de openbaring; de openbaring heeft de vorm van een doctrine. In juridische zin verwijst de term naar de richting van het christendom die zich onderscheidt als een verenigd, monolithisch sacramenteel systeem onder het bestuur van het pauselijk gezag. Gedurende het grootste deel van de geschiedenis van dit systeem was de paus gevestigd in Rome en daarom wordt 'rooms-katholicisme' vaak gebruikt om dit begrip te onderscheiden van de orthodoxe katholieke kerk. @nl
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300073730
type: Organization
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Christianity
type: Religion
label: 基督教 @zh-hant
label: jī dū jiāo @zh-latn
label: ji du jiao @zh-latn
label: chi tu chiao @zh-latn
label: christendom @nl
label: christelijk @nl
label: cristianismo @es
label: chrétianisme @fr
definition: Refers to the world religion and culture that developed in the first century CE, driven by the teachings of Jesus Christ of Nazareth. Its roots are in the Judaic tradition and the Old Testament. The tenets include a belief in the death and redemptive resurrection of Jesus. The religion incorporates a tradition of faith, ritual, and a form of church authority or leadership.
definition: Se refiere a la religión y cultura que se desarrolló en la primera centuria, guiado por la creencia y reverencia por la vida, enseñanza, muerte y resurrección redentiva de Jesucristo de Nazaret. La religión incorpora una tradición de fe, ritual y una forma de iglesia de autoridad y liderazgo. @es
definition: Verwijst naar de wereldreligie en -cultuur die in de eerste eeuw n. Chr. tot ontwikkeling kwam op basis van de leer van Jezus Christus van Nazareth. De wortels van deze religie liggen in de joodse traditie en het Oude Testament. Een van de kenmerkende grondbeginselen is het geloof in de dood en wederopstanding van Jezus. De religie omvat een traditie van geloof, rituelen en een vorm van kerkelijke autoriteit of leiderschap. @nl
definition: 發展於西元一世紀的世界宗教與文化，跟隨拿薩勒(Nazareth)耶穌基督的教誨。源於猶太傳統及舊約聖經。教義包括相信耶穌之死與救贖復活。此教融合信仰傳統、儀式，及某種形式的教會權威或領導。 @zh-hant
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300073711
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Abrahamic Religions

Christian Scientist
type: Religion
label: christenwetenschap @nl
label: ciencia cristiana @es
label: Science chrétienne @fr
definition: Refers to a Christian denomination and movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) that seeks to reinstate the Christian message of salvation from all evil, including sickness and disease as well as sin. Eddy, a semi-invalid who was interested in cures not involving medicine, claimed a recovery from a bad injury without medical assistance in 1866. Afterwards, she devoted herself to restoring the healing emphasis of early Christianity. In 1875 she finished writing the first edition of the 'Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.' This work and the Bible are the principal texts of the movement and importance has been laid on establishing reading rooms where these works can make their own appeal to readers. The 'Christian Science Monitor' is also published by the denomination. Christian Science believes that ignorance is at the root of human unease and thus 'dis-ease.' Instead of seeking medical treatment, special Christian Science healers are to be consulted for spiritual healing. Health, happiness, and holiness can be restored by applying to all aspects of life practices and attitudes in keeping with the principal of divine harmony. The first Church of Christ, Scientist was founded in 1879 in Boston and its headquarters remain there.
definition: Se refiere a una secta y movimiento cristiano fundado por Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) que busca reincorporar el mensaje cristiano de salvación de todo mal, incluso la enfermedad y padecimiento así como el pecado. Eddy, un semi-inválido que estaba interesado en curas que no involucraran medicina, afirmó que se había recuperado de una lesión grave sin la ayuda médica en 1866. Después, se consagró a restaurar el énfasis curativo de la primera cristiandad. En 1875 ella terminó escribiendo la primera edición del "la Ciencia y Salud con Llave a las Escrituras". Este trabajo y la Biblia son los textos principales del movimiento y importancia se ha puesto en establecer salas de lectura donde estos trabajos pueden hacer su propia apelación a los lectores. El "Instructivo de ciencia cristiano" también fue publicado por la secta. La Ciencia Cristiana cree que la ignorancia es la raíz de los padecimientos humanos y por lo tanto de la enfermedad. En lugar de buscar tratamiento médico, los sanadores de la Ciencia Cristiana especiales serán consultados para la curación espiritual. La salud, felicidad, y santidad pueden ser restauradas aplicando a todos los aspectos de la vida prácticas y actitudes en concordancia con la armonía divina. La primera Iglesia Científica de Cristo, se fundó en 1879 en Boston y su centro principal permanece allí. @es
definition: Verwijst naar een christelijke gezindte en beweging die is gesticht door Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) en die streeft naar herbevestiging van de christelijke boodschap van verlossing van al het kwaad, met inbegrip van ziekte en zonde. Eddy, die half invalide was en geïnteresseerd in genezing zonder medicijnen, beweerde dat zij in 1866 zonder medische hulp was hersteld van zwaar letsel. Daarna wijdde zij zich aan het herstel van de nadruk op gebedsgenezing die het vroege christendom had gekenmerkt. In 1875 voltooide zij de eerste editie van haar boek 'Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures'. Dit werk en de Bijbel zijn de voornaamste geschriften van de beweging, die veel belang hecht aan de inrichting van leesruimten waar deze boeken een eigen beroep op de lezers kunnen doen. Ook de 'Christian Science Monitor' wordt door het kerkgenootschap uitgegeven. Volgens de leer van Christian Science is onwetendheid de wortel van het menselijk ongemak, de menselijke ziekte. In plaats van medische behandeling te zoeken moet men gebedsgenezers van Christian Science raadplegen voor spirituele genezing. Gezondheid, geluk en heiligheid kunnen worden hersteld door alle aspecten van de levenspraktijk en -houding aan te spreken in overeenstemming met het beginsel van goddelijke harmonie. De eerste Church of Christ, Scientist werd in 1879 in Boston gesticht en het hoofdkwartier van de beweging is daar nog altijd gevestigd. @nl
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300264476
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Hinduism
type: Religion
label: Hindou @fr
label: 印度教 @zh-hant
label: yìn dù jiào @zh-latn
label: yin du jiao @zh-latn
label: yin tu chiao @zh-latn
label: hindoeïsme @nl
label: hinduismo @es
label: l'hindouisme @fr
definition: General term for the set of intellectual and philosophical tenets and highly diverse beliefs and practices that define the civilization, art, literature, society, and politics of the Indian subcontinent. Hinduism is not a common set of rigid beliefs , but varies significantly between different regions; it includes Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Srauta, and numerous other traditions. Among other practices and philosophies, Hinduism includes a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on karma, dharma, and societal norms. The highest divine powers are seen as complementary to one another and not exclusive. Hinduism does not have a particular founder or central authority. Hindu literature is rich and varied, with no one text considered uniquely authoritative. The Vedas, dating to the Vedic period (ca. 1200-500 BCE), are the earliest extant writings. Religious law books and epics such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have been and continue to be highly influential.
definition: Se refiere al conjunto de creencias y prácticas altamente diversas que generalmente denotan la civilización y cultura India de los dos mil últimos años. La religión influye fuertemente en el arte, la literatura, la política y al sociedad hinduista. Presenta la creencia y la práctica de ritos mágicos, cultos animales, creencia en demonios, cultos a deidades, incluyendo dioses locales y dioses centrales, misticismo, ascetismo y una apreciación y respeto por otras formas de cultos o creencias religiosas. La verdad de la religión no esta concebida como un término dogmático, sino que la verdad supera toda definición verbal. En vez de un sistema de doctrinas, el énfasis se pone en la manera correcta de vivir (dharma). Hay variaciones significativas entre diversas regiones. La mayoría de las formas de hinduismo enfatizan el concepto del reencarnación o de la transmigración; la liberación (moksha) desde el ciclo del samsara es la última meta espiritual del hindú. Brahma, Vishnu y Shiva son las deidades hindúes principales, juntos forman la tríada, el Trimurti. Existen muchos otros deidades de menor rango. El Hinduismo no tiene un fundador en particular o un iniciado, allí no hay una autoridad central. La literatura hindú es rica y variada, sin un texto considerado únicamente autoritario. El Vedas, fechando en el período de Vedic (ca. 1200-500 a. C), es la escritura más temprana existente. Los libros de ley y las epopeyas religiosas tales como el Ramayana y el Mahabharata han sido y continúan siendo altamente influyentes. @es
definition: Verwijst naar de reeks uiterst diverse geloven en gebruiken die in het algemeen verwijzen naar de Indiase beschaving en cultuur van de afgelopen tweeduizend jaar. De religie heeft een sterke invloed op de Indiase kunst, literatuur, maatschappij en politiek. Het hindoeïsme omvat diverse religieuze geloven en gebruiken en in plaats van andere goden, andere godsdiensten en andere religieuze concepten als fout of onverenigbaar te zien, worden de hoogste goddelijke machten gezien als elkaar aanvullend. De religieuze waarheid wordt niet gezien in dogmatische termen aangezien wordt geloofd dat de waarheid alle woordelijke definities overstijgt. In plaats van op een reeks doctrines ligt de nadruk op de juiste manier van leven (dharma). Er zijn aanzienlijke verschillen per regio. In de meeste vormen van het hindoeïsme ligt de nadruk op het concept van reïncarnatie of zielsverhuizing; de bevrijding (moksha) van de cyclus van samsara is het uiteindelijke spirituele doel van hindoes. Brahma, Visjnoe en Shiva zijn de belangrijkste hindoeïstische godheden en vormen gezamenlijk een drie-eenheid, de Trimurti. Verder is er een groot aantal lagere goden. Het hindoeïsme heeft geen specifieke oprichter of ontstaansmoment en er is geen centrale autoriteit. De hindoeïstische literatuur is erg rijk en gevarieerd en geen enkele specifieke tekst wordt als gezaghebbend beschouwd. De Veda's, die afkomstig zijn uit de Vedische periode (ca. 1200-500 v. Chr.), zijn de oudste overgebleven geschriften. Religieuze wetboeken en heldendichten zoals de Ramayana en de Mahabharata zijn altijd erg invloedrijk geweest. @nl
definition: 代表過去兩千年來印度文明與文化的一套極多樣的信仰與實踐方式。此宗教對印度藝術、文學、社會與政治有極大影響。印度教包含多元的宗教信仰及實踐方式，因此不會認為其他的神明、其他形式的敬拜及宗教觀是錯誤或者互不相容，反而認為最高的神力是彼此互補的。他們相信真理超越所有言語定義，因此不應武斷認定何謂宗教真理。重視生活的正確方式(法)，而非一連串的教條。不同宗教之間差異甚鉅。大部分的印度教形式強調輪迴觀念；從生死疾苦等輪迴中解脫是印度教徒最終的心靈目標。婆羅摩、毗濕奴、濕婆是印度教主要的三個神明(三相神) 。還有很多其他小神。印度教沒有確切的建立者及開始時間，也沒有中央權威。印度教文學豐富且多樣，但沒有哪一部作品被認為是權威。追溯自吠陀時期(西元前500年到西元1200年)的吠陀經是現存最早的經典。宗教法律典籍及史詩如《羅摩耶那史詩》及《摩訶婆羅達》仍舊極具影響力。 @zh-hant
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300073727
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Occultism/Theosophism

Islamism
type: Religion
label: islam @es
label: 伊斯蘭教 @zh-hant
label: 回教 @zh-hant
label: yī sī lán jiāo @zh-latn
label: yi si lan jiao @zh-latn
label: i ssu lan chiao @zh-latn
label: Religion Mahométane @fr
label: mahométisme @fr
label: islamismo @es
label: l'islam @fr
definition: Refers to the religious beliefs and social practices founded in the seventh century by the Arabian Prophet Muhammad, held to be the last of a series of major prophets, which include, according to Islamic dogma, Adam, Noah, and Jesus. It later spread throughout the Middle East, Africa, Europe, and parts of Asia. It is characterized by the belief in the fundamental idea that a devotee 'surrenders' and submits his will to Allah, the prime creator and sustainer of the universe and all creation. In Islam, God is unique and has no partner or intermediary as in the Christian Trinity. Social service and the active alleviation of suffering in others is considered the only path to salvation and prayer and sacred ritual alone are inadequate forms of submission to Allah. The Qur'an (Koran), the sacred text of the religion, is a compilation of revelations from Allah believed to have been received by Muhammad.
definition: Se refiere a creencias religiosas y prácticas sociales fundadas en el siglo VII por el Profeta árabe Mahoma, supuestamente el último de una serie de grandes profetas, incluídos, de acuerdo al dogma Islámico, Adán, Noé y Jesús. Posteriormente se difundió a través del Medio Oriente, África, Europa y parte de Asia. Se caracteriza por la creencia en la idea fundamental que un devoto se "rinde" y somete la voluntad de Alá, el principal creador y mantenedor del universo y toda creación. En el Islam, Dios es único y no tiene parentesco o intermediario como la trinidad cristiana. El servicio social y las actividades que alivian el sufrimiento de otros es considerado el único camino a la salvación y la oración y ritual sagrado a solas es una inadecuado forma de sumisión para Alá. El Coran (Koran), consagrado el texto de las religiones, es una compilación relevante de las creencias de Alá que fueron recibidas de Mahoma. @es
definition: Verwijst naar het samenstel van religieuze overtuigingen en sociale gebruiken dat in de 7de eeuw is ontstaan op basis van de leer van de Arabische profeet Mohammed, die wordt beschouwd als de laatste in een reeks van grote profeten; volgens de islamitische leer zijn dit onder anderen Adam, Noach en Jezus. De islam heeft zich later verspreid in het Midden-Oosten, Afrika, Europa en delen van Azië. De islam wordt gekenmerkt door het geloof in het fundamentele idee dat een gelovige zich 'overgeeft' en zich onderwerpt aan Allah, de schepper van het universum en de schepping als geheel. God is uniek en heeft geen partner of tussenpersoon zoals bij de christelijke drie-eenheid. Maatschappelijke dienstbaarheid en het actief verlichten van het lijden van anderen wordt beschouwd als de enige weg naar verlossing en gebeden en heilige rituelen zijn op zichzelf onvoldoende vormen van overgave aan Allah. De Qur'an (Koran), het heilige geschrift van de religie, is een verzameling onthullingen die, zo gelooft men, door Allah aan Mohammed zijn geopenbaard. @nl
definition: 由阿拉伯先知穆罕默德於七世紀創建的宗教信仰與社會實踐方式。根據伊斯蘭教條，穆罕默德是繼亞當、挪亞、耶穌後最後一個主要的先知。此教之後廣傳中東、非洲、歐洲、及部份亞洲。基本思想為信徒交出自己的意志給阿拉(宇宙及所有創造物的最高造物者與支撐者)。就伊斯蘭教而言，神是獨一無二的，且并非如基督教三位一體的觀點般有夥伴或是媒介。社會服務及積極幫助受苦者被認為是通往救贖的唯一路徑，若只有祈禱及神聖儀式則不算完全奉獻予阿拉。可蘭經是此教的聖典，記載穆罕默德從阿拉得來的神示。 @zh-hant
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300073715
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Abrahamic Religions

Jewish
type: Religion
label: 猶太教 @zh-hant
label: yóu tài jiāo @zh-latn
label: you tai jiao @zh-latn
label: yu t'ai chiao @zh-latn
label: jodendom @nl
label: joods @nl
label: Judaísmo @es
label: judaïsme @fr
definition: Refers to the monotheistic religion of the Jewish people, central to which is the belief that the ancient Israelites experienced God's presence in human events. Jews believe that the one God delivered the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt, revealed the structure of communal and individual life to them, and chose them to be a holy nation of people able to set an example for all humankind. The Hebrew Bible and Talmud are the two primary sources for Judaism's spiritual and ethical principles. The religion, which traces its origins to Abraham, places more emphasis on expressing beliefs through ritual rather than through abstract doctrine. The Sabbath, beginning on sunset on Friday and ending at sunset on Saturday, is the central religious observance; there is also an annual cycle of religious festivals and days of fasting. Judaism has had a diverse history of development over almost 4000 years, with a number of resulting branches in modern times, namely Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform.
definition: Se refiere a la religión monoteista del pueblo judío, para los cuales es central la creencia que los antiguos israelitas experimentaron la presencia de Dios en los eventos humanos. Los judíos creen que el Dios único salvó los israelistas de la esclavitud en Egipto, revelándoles la estructura de la vida comunal e individual y eligiéndolos para ser una nación sagrada de personas capaces de dar un ejemplo para toda la humanidad. La Biblia Hebrea y el Talmud son dos fuentes primarias de la espiritualidad judía y de los principios éticos.Los orígenes de la religión se remontan a los tiempos de Abraham, poniendo mayor énfasis en expresar la creencia con rituales más bien que con doctrinas abstractas. El Shabbat, que comienza con la puesta de sol del viernes y termina con la puesta de sol del sábado, es la observancia religiosa central; hay también un ciclo anual de fiestas religiosas y días de ayuno. El judaísmo ha tenido un desarrollo diverso a lo largo de la historia de casi 4.000 años, con un gran número de ramas resultantes en épocas modernas, concretamente ortodoxas, conservadoras, y reformistas. @es
definition: Verwijst naar de monotheïstische religie van het joodse volk, waarbij het geloof centraal staat dat de oude Israëlieten de aanwezigheid van God ervoeren in menselijke gebeurtenissen. Joden geloven dat één God de Israëlieten uit hun gevangenschap in Egypte heeft bevrijd, de structuur van een gemeenschappelijk en individueel leven aan hen heeft onthuld en hen heeft uitverkoren als een heilig volk dat als voorbeeld moest dienen voor de gehele mensheid. De Hebreeuwse bijbel en de Talmoed zijn de belangrijkste bronnen voor de spirituele en ethische principes van het jodendom. Deze religie, waarvan de oorsprong teruggaat naar de tijd van Abraham, legt meer de nadruk op het tot uitdrukking brengen van het geloof in de vorm van rituelen dan in de vorm van abstracte doctrines. De sabbat, die begint bij zonsondergang op vrijdag en eindigt bij zonsondergang op zaterdag, is een centraal element van de religie; er is ook een jaarlijkse cyclus van religieuze feestdagen en vastendagen. Het jodendom heeft een zeer uiteenlopende ontwikkelingsgeschiedenis die bijna 4000 jaar beslaat en is uitgemond in diverse stromingen: de orthodoxe, conservatieve en reformistische stroming. @nl
definition: 猶太人的一神論宗教，相信古代以色列人於人類事件中體驗到神的存在。猶太人相信這唯一的神使他們脫離埃及的奴役，向他們揭示公共及個人生活的結構，並選擇他們為聖國子民，以為全人類樹立榜樣。《希伯來聖經(Hebrew Bible)》與《塔爾穆德(Talmud)》為猶太教精神與道德原則的兩大來源。猶太教源於亞伯拉罕，較強調以儀式而非抽象的教條表達信仰。遵循信仰的重心為安息日，從週五的日落開始到週日的日出結束；另外每年還有宗教節慶和齋戒日。猶太教經過將近四千年的發展，衍生出許多現代的分支，即正統派猶太教(Orthodox)、保守派猶太教(Conservative)，與改革派猶太教(Reform.)。 @zh-hant
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300073723
in scheme: Religion
broader: jewish
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Abrahamic Religions
type: Thing

Presbyterian
type: Religion
label: 長老宗 @zh-hant
label: 長老制 @zh-hant
label: 長老教會 @zh-hant
label: zhǎng lǎo zōng @zh-latn
label: zhang lao zong @zh-latn
label: chang lao tsung @zh-latn
label: presbyterianisme @nl
label: prebyteriaan @nl
label: presbiterianismo @es
label: presbytérien @fr
definition: One of the main Protestant groups that arose out of the 16th-century Reformation. Generally speaking, modern Presbyterian churches trace their origins to the Calvinist churches of the British Isles, the European counterparts of which came to be known by the more inclusive name of Reformed. The term presbyterian also denotes a collegiate type of church government led by pastors and lay leaders called elders or presbyters. Strictly speaking, all Presbyterian churches are a part of the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition, although not all Reformed churches are presbyterian in their form of government.
definition: Een van de belangrijkste protestantse groeperingen die voortkwamen uit de 16de-eeuwse Reformatie. In het algemeen hebben moderne presbyteriaanse kerken hun oorsprong in de calvinistische kerken op de Britse eilanden, waarvan de Europese tegenhangers bekend zijn geworden onder de meer algemene naam 'gereformeerden'. De term 'presbyteriaans' verwijst ook naar een collegiaal type kerkbestuur onder leiding van pastors en leken die ouderlingen of presbyters worden genoemd. Strikt genomen maken alle presbyteriaanse kerken deel uit van de gereformeerde of calvinistische traditie, maar zijn niet alle gereformeerde kerken presbyteriaans in hun bestuursvorm. @nl
definition: Uno de los principales grupos protestantes que surgió de la Reforma del siglo XVI. Hablando en general, las Iglesias Presbiterianas modernas señalan sus orígenes en las iglesias calvinistas de las Islas Británicas, la contraparte Europea la que fue conocida por el nombre más global de "Reformada". El término presbiterianismo también denota un tipo colegiado de gobierno de iglesia liderado por el pastor y lideres laicos llamados ancianos o presbiteros. Estrictamente hablando, todas las iglesias presbiterianas son parte de la Iglesia .El término presbiterianismo también denota un tipo colegiado de gobierno de iglesia liderado por el pastor y lideres laicos llamados ancianos o presbiteros. Estrictamente hablando, todas las iglesias presbiterianas son parte de la Reforma o Calvinismo, tradición, aunque no todas las iglesias Reformadas son presbiterianas en su gubernamentalidad. @es
definition: 自十六世紀宗教改革興起的主要新教團體的一派。一般說來，現代的長老教會可追溯至不列顛群島的喀爾文(Calvinis)教派，其在歐洲的對應教派則被稱為較具涵蓋性的歸正派(Reformed)。長老教會一詞，亦表示其管理方式如同大學，由稱作長老或教士的牧師及信徒領導。嚴格來說，所有長老教會皆為歸正派或喀爾文教派傳統的一部分，但並非所有歸正教會的管理方式皆如同長老教會一般。 @zh-hant
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300153854
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Protestantism
type: Religion
label: 新教 @zh-hant
label: 抗羅宗 @zh-hant
label: xīn jiāo @zh-latn
label: xin jiao @zh-latn
label: hsin chiao @zh-latn
label: protestantisme @nl
label: protestant @nl
label: protestantismo @es
definition: The general term for types of Christian faith originating from the Reformation. Although the early forms of Protestantism were those who followed Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli, the term now includes most non-Roman Catholic or non-Orthodox denominations. Protestants want to be closer to the style of faith of the early Church which they feel has been obscured in Catholic practices. The term derives from the word 'protestari' which means not only to protest but to avow or confess. Common characteristics of Protestantism include the justification by faith alone, the authority of scripture, and the priesthood of all believers, in which not only the clergy are able to hear the confession of sin.
definition: El término general para tipos de fe cristiana originadas a partir de la Reforma. Aunque las formas tempranas del protestantismo fueron aquellas que obedecían a Lutero, Calvino y Zwinglio, el término ahora incluye la mayoría de las denominaciones no Romanas o no Ortodoxas. El caracter común de los protestantes incluye la justificación de la fe por la fe, la autoridad de la sagrada escritura y el sacerdocio de todos los fieles, por el que cada creyente puede oir la confesión de los pecados, no siendo exclusivo del clero. protestantes quieren estar cerca al estilo de fe de la primera Iglesia el cual sienten ha sido opacado en las prácticas católicas. El término deriva desde la palabra "protestari" que significa no sólo protestar sino que reconocer o confesar. Característica común. @es
definition: De algemene term voor typen christelijk geloof die zijn ontstaan tijdens de Reformatie. Hoewel de vroegste vormen van protestantisme werden beoefend door de volgelingen van Luther, Calvijn en Zwingli, wordt de term tegenwoordig gebruikt voor de meeste overtuigingen die niet rooms-katholiek of orthodox zijn. Protestanten willen dichter bij de geloofsstijl van de vroege kerk staan, die volgens hen in de katholieke praktijk overschaduwd is geraakt. De term is afkomstig van het woord 'protestari', wat niet alleen 'protesteren' betekent, maar ook 'belijden'. Enkele algemene kenmerken van het protestantisme zijn: rechtvaardiging door het geloof alleen, de berusting van alle gezag bij de Bijbel en de leer dat alle gelovigen zelf hun zonden aan God kunnen belijden, waarbij het aanhoren van de biecht niet alleen aan priesters is voorbehouden. @nl
definition: 泛稱源自宗教改革的各式基督信仰。雖然早期的新教形式是指遵循路德(Luther)、喀爾文(Calvin)，以及茨溫利(Zwingli)的派別，但現在新教這個詞彙包含了大部分非羅馬天主教或非正教的派別。新教徒希望能更接近早期教會信仰，認為天主教將之變得晦澀難解。本詞彙衍生自”protestari”，不僅意指抗議，更要坦白或懺悔。新教的常見特色包括因純信而稱義、經典的權威性、信徒皆牧師，所以不是只有牧師才能聽取認罪懺悔。 @zh-hant
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300073735
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Agnosticism
type: Religion
label: l'agnosticisme @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Occultism/Theosophism

Atheism
type: Religion
label: athéisme @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Church of England
type: Religion
type: Concept
type: Organization
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Congregational Church
type: Religion
label: Églises congrégationalistes @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Church of Ireland
type: Religion
label: l'Église d'Irlande @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Dissenters
type: Religion
label: dissidents (ou non-conformistes) @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Church of England

Dissenting Churches
type: Religion
label: l'Église dissidents @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Church of England

Fifth Monarchists
type: Religion
label: Cinquièmes Monarchistes @fr
type: Concept
broader transitive: Millenarianism
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Dissenters

Lollards
type: Religion
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Roman Catholic

Methodist Church
type: Religion
label: l'Église méthodiste @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Millenarianism
type: Religion
label: millénarisme, ou chiliasme @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Occultism/Theosophism

Neo-thomism
type: Religion
label: néothomisme @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Roman Catholic

Occultism/Theosophism
type: Religion
label: occultisme @fr
definition: Any religious or philosophic ideology based on mystical insight into the nature of God and/or divine truth. This insight is attained only through direct experience of the divine. The term is sometimes used to specifically refer to the principles of the Theosophical Society founded in New York in 1875 by Madame Blavatsky and H. S. Olcott which incorporated aspects of Buddhism and Brahmanism.
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Pagan
type: Religion
label: païen (ou payen) @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Occultism/Theosophism

Plymouth Brethren
type: Religion
label: Frères de Schwarzenau @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Church of England

Quaker
type: Religion
label: quaker @fr
definition: Quakers (or Friends) are members of a group of religious Christian movements which is known as the Religious Society of Friends in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and parts of North America; and known as the Friends Church in Africa, Asia, South America and parts of the US. The movements were originally, and are still predominantly based on Christianity. Members of the movements profess the priesthood of all believers, a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity. To differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were approximately 359,000 adult Quakers.
definition: La Société religieuse des Amis est un mouvement religieux fondé en Angleterre au XVIIe siècle par des dissidents de l'Église anglicane. Les membres de ce mouvement sont communément connus sous le nom de quakers () mais ils se nomment entre eux « Amis » et « Amies ». Le mouvement est souvent nommé simplement Société des Amis et le surnom de « quaker » apparaît le plus souvent dans la dénomination officielle, sous la forme Société religieuse des Amis (quakers). Les historiens s'accordent à désigner George Fox comme le principal fondateur ou le plus important meneur des débuts du mouvement. Depuis sa création en Angleterre, le mouvement s'est d'abord répandu dans les pays de colonisation anglo-saxonne. Au XXe siècle, des missionnaires quakers ont propagé leur religion en Amérique latine et en Afrique. Aujourd'hui, les quakers déclarent être au nombre d'environ 350 000 dans le monde. La Société des Amis se différencie de la plupart des autres groupes issus du christianisme par l'absence de credo et de toute structure hiérarchique. Pour les quakers, la croyance religieuse appartient à la sphère personnelle et chacun est libre de ses convictions. Le concept de « lumière intérieure » (inner light) est cependant partagé par la plupart d'entre eux, quelle que soit la signification donnée à ces mots. De nombreux quakers reconnaissent le christianisme mais ne ressentent pas leur foi comme entrant dans les catégories chrétiennes traditionnelles. On trouve aujourd'hui dans la Société des Amis des pratiques très diverses, y compris un large courant évangélique. @fr
definition: Het Religieus Genootschap der Vrienden, beter bekend als quakers, verouderd Nederlands kwakers, vormt een groep ondogmatische gelovigen, die zijn wortels vindt in de christelijke traditie. Het leven en de overgeleverde uitspraken van Jezus vormen een belangrijke inspiratiebron. @nl
broader transitive: Church of England
derived from: Quakers
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Dissenters

Rational Dissenter
type: Religion
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Dissenters

Society of Friends
type: Religion
label: Société religieuse des Amis @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Spiritualism
type: Religion
label: spiritualisme @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Spiritualism
in scheme: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
broader transitive: Occultism/Theosophism

Tractarian Movement
type: Religion
label: tractarianisme @fr
type: Concept
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Church of England
subclass of: Oxford Movement
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

unitarianChurch
type: Religion
label: Unitarian Church
label: l'Église unitarienne @fr
type: Concept
broader transitive: Christianity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

unitarianMovement
type: Religion
label: Unitarianism
alternative label: Unitarian Movement
alternative label: Unitarian
label: unitarisme @nl
label: unitarismo @es
label: unitarios @es
label: l'unitarisme @fr
definition: The liberal Protestant movement that arose in Europe during the 16th century Reformation, was embodied in a church in Transylvania, and achieved denominational status in the 19th century in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada. It is characterized by a denial of the orthodox Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, the free use of reason in religion, and the belief that God exists in one person. In 1961, in the United States and Canada, it merged with the Universalist denomination to form "Unitarian Universalism." Use also generally for the theological doctrines of the unified nature of God and the humanity of Jesus, first expressed in second- and third-century monarchism and in the teachings of Arius in the third and fourth centuries, and later in the radical Neoplatonist thinkers of the Reformation such as Michael Servetus, Faustus Socinus, and Ferenc David.
definition: In het bijzonder te gebruiken voor de vrijzinnig protestantse beweging die in Europa opkwam tijdens de Reformatie in de 16de eeuw, werd belichaamd door een kerk in Transsylvanië en een confessionele status verkreeg in Groot-Brittannië, de Verenigde Staten en Canada tijdens de 19de eeuw. De beweging wordt gekenmerkt door de afwijzing van de orthodox christelijke leer van de Drie-eenheid en de goddelijke Christus, het vrije gebruik van de rede in religieuze zaken en het geloof dat God bestaat in één persoon. In 1961 fuseerde deze beweging in de Verenigde Staten en Canada met de universalistische beweging, waardoor het ‘unitaristisch universalisme’ ontstond. Ook in het algemeen te gebruiken voor de theologische leer van de eenheid van God en het mens-zijn van Jezus, zoals voor het eerst verwoord in het monarchisme van de 2de en 3de eeuw en in de leer van Arius in de 3de en 4de eeuw, en later in de leer van de radicale neoplatonisten uit de Reformatie zoals Michael Servetus, Faustus Socinus en Ferenc David. @nl
definition: Úsese específicamente para el movimiento protestante liberal que surgió en Europa durante la Reforma del siglo XVI, que tuvo su manifestación en una iglesia en Transilvania, y que logró un estatus confesional en el siglo XIX en el Reino Unido, los Estados Unidos y Canadá. Es caracterizado por una desaprobación de las doctrinas cristianas ortodoxas de la Trinidad y la divinidad de Jesús, el libre uso de la razón en la religión y la creencia que Dios existe en una persona. En 1961, en los Estados Unidos y Canadá s @es
type: Concept
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300263305
in scheme: Religion
broader transitive: Protestantism
subclass of: Unitarianism
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Abrahamic Religions
type: Religion
label: Religions abrahamique @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: Concept
broader transitive: Occultism/Theosophism

Social Class Identity
type: Class
label: Identité Classe Sociale @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: A subclass of culturalForms, Social Class terms associate subjects with a specific social group, recognizing that such categories and their application to individuals are contested and can change over time. The association may be or have been embraced by the subject by the subject her/himself or attributed by others. Unlike Notes typed as socialClassContext, which contain detailed discussion of a subject's class position, socialClass links to a word or phrase signifying a particular construction of class, with particular reference to earlier historical periods in the British Isles. Social class has been variously constructed and theorized, and for women is further complicated by the fact that women were understood to take their social status from fathers and/or husbands. The terminology used here reflects quite basic social groupings that intersect with other factors such as wealth.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
type: ConceptScheme

classe basse moyenne
type: Social Class Identity
label: This includes employees, clerical workers, teachers, and governesses. Note, however, that some teachers go into Professional (Mr. Chips) and women starting schools and then managing them also go into Professional.
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Employees, clerical workers, teachers, governesses. Note, however, that some teachers go into Professional (Mr. Chips) and women starting schools and then managing them also go into Professional.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

entrepreneurial
type: Social Class Identity
label: entrepreneur @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Involves larges-scale enterprises such as running factories, or backing such enterprises through investing money, for instance, Elizabeth Montagu or Beatrice Webb.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

professional
type: Social Class Identity
label: professionnel @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Includes doctors, lawyers, guild members, and those of high calling such as members of the clergy (Church of England). It implies social respect and intellectual requirements. Examples are Ann Hunter, who was married to a surgeon, and Virginia Woolf, daughter of an intellectual.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

managerial
type: Social Class Identity
label: gestionnaire @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Someone whose station in life comes from the fact that they are running something but not putting their money into it, e.g. salaried civil service, bankers, hospital administrators.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

nobility
type: Social Class Identity
label: nobilitée @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: This group refers to those holding a title or of close family relation to someone holding a title (such as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Lord Byron, or Nancy Mitford).
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

gentry
type: Social Class Identity
label: noblesse non titrée @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Gentry indicates someone who is property-owning or related to the same; property can be land or stocks and bonds. It begins in the idea of owning arms and having a coat of arms. but is distinguished from nobility in so far as money is not necessarily related to blood and title. Disinterested gentlemen are of this class (i.e. Mr. Bennett in Jane Austen). Gentlewomen belong to this class, even thought they may not themselves own much property but instead be supported by a father or brother, or they may be distressed, which is to say, impoverished gentlewomen, as in the case of Jane Eyre or Austen's Jane Fairfax.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Entrepreneurial Industrialism
type: DeprecatedClass
type: Concept
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
equivalent class: entrepreneurial

indigent
type: Social Class Identity
label: indigents @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: This social group is poor, destitute, unemployed, supported by charity, or on social security.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Typically applied to someone who owns and runs a pub or shop, but not on the scale of an entrepreneur or industrialist.
type: Social Class Identity
label: détaillant @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Owns and runs a pub or shop. Similar to an industrialist but to a lesser degree of magnitude.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Members of this historica class owned just enough land to support themselves if they did most of the work themselves. Examples include Elizabeth Ham and Mary Webb.
type: Social Class Identity
label: agriculteur vivrier @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Own just enough land to support themselves if they do most of the work themselves (ie Elizabeth Ham, Mary Webb).
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

upper middle class
type: Social Class Identity
label: classe haute moyenne @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
comment: This term is a CWRC specific addition not in the original Orlando tag set.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

This category includes such trades as goldsmith, tailor, shoemaker, milliner, and dressmaker.
type: Social Class Identity
label: Artisan @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Goldsmith, tailor, shoemaker, milliner, dressmaker.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Urbain - industriel - ouvrier non spécialisé
type: Social Class Identity
label: This category includes factory workers and workers in urban or large-scale industries without defined trades or professional qualifications, and those in low-wage and low-status service sector jobs, such as the restaurant or fast-food industry, in industrial or post-industrial societies.
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

rural-unskilled
type: Social Class Identity
label: rural - journalier @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: This generally indicates farm laborers, mostly male in earlier periods, and includes migrant farm workers.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

servants
type: Social Class Identity
label: servant @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: Domestic servants typically live in the home with the family or institution that employs them, although the lowest class of servants might work only casually and hence not receive room and board. This type of labour, very common before the twentieth century, is distinct from that of service positions such as shop assistants, flight attendances, and restaurant workers.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Linguistic Ability (Spoken and/or Writen)
type: Class
label: Habilité linguistique (Écris ou Parlé) @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Political Affiliation
type: Class
label: Affiliation Politique @fr
type: Concept
subclass of: Cultural Form
definition: This subclass of CulturalForm tracks the affiliations, connections and associations which designate a person's political involvement. These affiliations can be both formal connections to a party or organization and informal political positions held by the writer. We hope to point our readers towards women writers associated with different political positions and help researchers make links between political beliefs and writing. For this reason, we are defining political affiliations broadly and include things like "against capital punishment" or "strong supporter of the Empire" in addition to more straightforward affiliations such as "marxist" or "conservative."
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

black (Race)
type: Race and/or Colour
label: noir (Race) @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Personal Property
type: ObjectProperty
label: Propriété de la Personne @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Personal Property (Self Reported)
type: ObjectProperty
label: Propriété de la Personne (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Gender
type: ObjectProperty
label: A le Genre @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: Gender
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Gender (Self Declared)
type: ObjectProperty
label: A le Genre (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: Personal Property (Self Reported)
domain: Gender
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Nationality
type: ObjectProperty
label: de Nationalité @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: National Identity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Nationality (Self Declared)
type: ObjectProperty
label: de Nationalité (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: Personal Property (Self Reported)
domain: National Identity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Race
type: ObjectProperty
label: Est de Race @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: Race and/or Colour
definition: A subclass of raceEthnicityContext, this describes a person's racial identity.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Race (Self Declared)
type: ObjectProperty
label: Est de Race (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: Personal Property (Self Reported)
domain: Race
definition: A subclass of raceEthnicityContext, this describes a person's self-reported racial identity.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Ethnicity
type: ObjectProperty
label: D'Ethnicité @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: Ethnicity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Ethnicity (Self Defined)
type: ObjectProperty
label: D'Ethnicité (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: personalPropertySelfDefined
domain: Ethnicity
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Religious Affiliation
type: ObjectProperty
label: Religion @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Religious Affilication (Self Defined)
type: ObjectProperty
label: Religion (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: personalPropertySelfDefined
domain: Religion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Social Class
type: ObjectProperty
label: De Classe Sociale @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: SocialClass
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Social Class (Self Defined)
type: ObjectProperty
label: De Classe Sociale (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: personalPropertySelfDefined
domain: SocialClass
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Language Known
type: ObjectProperty
label: Connait la langue @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: Linguistic Ability (Spoken and/or Writen)
definition: Knowlege of the language for writing or reading.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Language Known (Self Declared)
type: ObjectProperty
label: Connait la langue (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: Personal Property (Self Reported)
domain: Linguistic Ability (Spoken and/or Writen)
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Natively Known Language
type: ObjectProperty
label: A une langue native @fr
sub property of: Language Known
domain: Linguistic Ability (Spoken and/or Writen)
definition: Knowledge of the language for writing or reading.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Natively Known Language (Self Declared)
type: ObjectProperty
label: A une langue native (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: Language Known (Self Declared)
domain: Linguistic Ability (Spoken and/or Writen)
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Sexual Orientation
type: ObjectProperty
label: A une Orientation Sexuelle @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: Sexuality
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Sexual Orientation (Self Declared)
type: ObjectProperty
label: A une Orientation Sexuelle (Autodéclarés) @fr
sub property of: Personal Property (Self Reported)
domain: Sexuality
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Geographic Heritage
type: ObjectProperty
label: A un héritage géographique @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: GeographicHeritage
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has Geographic Heritage (Self Declared)
type: ObjectProperty
label: A un héritage géographique (Self Declared) @fr
sub property of: Personal Property
domain: GeographicHeritage
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
type: ConceptScheme
label: blanc @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

white
type: Concept
label: blanc @fr
type: Label
one of: white
in scheme: Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

black
type: Concept
label: noir @fr
type: Label
in scheme: Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

english
type: Concept
label: englais @fr
type: Label
one of: English
in scheme: Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

man
type: Concept
label: Man
label: Homme @fr
name: Man (Label)
type: Label
one of: man/male
in scheme: Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

woman
type: Concept
label: Woman
label: Femme @fr
name: Woman (Label)
type: Label
one of: Woman/Female
in scheme: Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

male
type: Concept
label: Male
name: Male (Label)
type: Label
one of: man/male
one of: Male
in scheme: Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

female
type: Concept
label: Female
label: Femelle @fr
name: Female (Label)
type: Label
one of: Woman/Female
one of: Female
in scheme: Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

jewish
type: Concept
label: juif @fr
type: Label
one of: Jewish
in scheme: Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

england
type: Concept
label: angleterre @fr
name: England
type: Label
one of: england
in scheme: Collection of all ambiguous labels within the Orlando markup.
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

literary genre
type: Class
label: genre littéraire @fr
type: ConceptScheme
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

has genre
type: ObjectProperty
label: a un genre @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology

ABRIDGEMENT
type: literary genre
label: abridgement
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Versions of written works produced by condensation and omission but with retention of the general meaning and manner of presentation of the original, often prepared by someone other than the author of the original. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Version einer schriftlichen Arbeit, die durch Verdichtung und Auslassung zustande kommt, aber die eigentliche Bedeutung und Art der Darstellung des Originals beibehält; wird häufig von jemand anderem als dem Autor erstellt. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor sterk ingekorte versies van geschreven werken, waarin, ondanks de vele weglatingen, de algemene inhoud en de indeling van het origineel behouden blijft. De schrijver van deze samenvattingen is vaak niet dezelfde als de auteur van het origineel. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Úsese para versiones de obras escritas producidas mediante un resumen y omisiones del original pero manteniendo el significado general y su forma de presentación, a menudo preparadas por alguien diferente al autor del original. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 書寫作品之濃縮與省略版本，但保留原作的大體意義及呈現方式，常由原作者以外的人編纂。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202489
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

ACLEF
type: literary genre
label: aclef
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

ACROSTIC
type: literary genre
label: acrostic
label: acrostiche @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Un acrostiche, du grec akrostikhos (akros, haut, élevé et stikhos, le vers), est un poème, une strophe ou une série de strophes fondés sur une forme poétique consistant en ce que, lues verticalement de haut en bas, la première lettre ou, parfois, les premiers mots d'une suite de vers composent un mot ou une expression en lien avec le poème. @fr
derived from: Acrostic
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Short poems or prose compositions in which text is arranged so that the first letters of each line form a word, phrase, or motto. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Kurzes Gedicht oder Prosakomposition, bei der der Text so angeordnet ist, dass die ersten Buchstaben jeder Zeile aneinandergereiht ein Wort, einen Satz oder ein Motto ergeben. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Korte gedichten of stukjes proza waarvan de eerste letters van de opeenvolgende regels samen een woord, een zinsnede of een motto vormen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Poemas cortos o composiciones en prosa en los que el texto es ordenado de tal manera que las primeras letras de cada línea forman una palabra, frase o máxima. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 各行首字母可組成一個字、詞，或座右銘的短詩或散文作品。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300256198
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: A poem in which the first or last letters of each line vertically form a word, phrase, or sentence. Apart from puzzles in newspapers and magazines, the most common modern versions involve the first letters of each line forming a single word when read downwards. An acrostic that involves the sequential letters of the alphabet is said to be an abecedarius or an abecedarian poem. Acrostics may have first been used as a mnemonic device to aid with oral transmission. In the Old Testament, some of the Hebrew Psalms include acrostic devices. Chaucer also wrote acrostics such as his "ABC" (Prior a nostre dame) in his younger days. Acrostics are also common in Kabbalistic charms and word squares, including the Cirencester word square of Roman origin: Abecedarian acrostics were also a common genre in classical Hebrew poetry. For instance, Psalm 118 in the Douay-Rheims numbering of the Bible (or number 119 in the King James numbering of the Bible) is an abecedarian acrostic, with each stanza headed by one of the letters of the Hebrew alphabet, such as Aleph, Beth, Gimel, and so on. Similar acrostics appear in Lamentations 3. Renaissance examples of acrostic poetry include the preface to Ben Jonson's "The Alchemist." If a poem is built so that the last letters in each line form a word, rather than the first, the poem is called a telestich.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms a.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ADAPTATION
type: literary genre
label: adaptation
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Written works or works derived from written works, where the second work is an alteration or amendment a text to make it suitable for another purpose. An example of an adaptation is a version of an earlier text made to better agree with a philosophy other than that intended by the original. Other examples are written works adapted for another medium, such as film, broadcasting, or stage production. For visual works adapted from another work, use "adaptations (derivative objects)."
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300410356
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Taking material from an older source and altering it or updating it in a new genre. For instance, John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi is a play adapted from an older Italian novella. Many of Shakespeare's history plays are adaptations of Holinshed's chronicles, etc. For modern artists, if the adaptation's source is unacknowledged, the adaptation may constitute plagiarism under modern conventions. Contrast with ecphrasis.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms a.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ADVENTUREWRITING
type: literary genre
label: adventure writing
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

ADVERTISINGCOPY
type: literary genre
label: advertising copy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

AFTERPIECE
type: literary genre
label: afterpiece
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

AFTERWORD
type: literary genre
label: afterword
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

AGITPROP
type: literary genre
label: agitprop
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Derived from agitation propaganda, meaning intended to inspire political action. With reference to visual art, refers to the specific art movement arising in Soviet Russia following the Bolshevik revolution. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Derivado de propaganda de agitación, cuyo objetivo es inspirar acción política. En referencia a las artes visuales, úsese para el movimiento artísitico específico surgido en la Rusia Sovietica tras la revolución Bolchevique. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Ontleend aan de agitatie en propaganda, bedoeld om politieke actie te inspireren. Voor de beeldende kunsten te gebruiken voor de specifieke kunstbeweging in het voormalig Sovjet Unie na de bolsjewistische revolutie. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 概念來自煽動性宣傳活動，意指刻意激起政治性活動。若指涉視覺藝術方面，則指在布爾什維克革命後的蘇聯發起的特定藝術運動。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055540
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

ALLEGORY
type: literary genre
label: allegory
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Une allégorie (du grec : ἄλλον / állon, « autre chose », et ἀγορεύειν / agoreúein, « parler en public ») est une forme de représentation indirecte qui emploie une chose (une personne, un être animé ou inanimé, une action) comme signe d'une autre chose, cette dernière étant souvent une idée abstraite ou une notion morale difficile à représenter directement. Elle représente donc une idée abstraite par du concret. En littérature, l'allégorie est une figure rhétorique qui consiste à exprimer une idée en utilisant une histoire ou une représentation qui doit servir de support comparatif. La signification étymologique est : « une autre manière de dire », au moyen d'une image figurative ou figurée. @fr
derived from: Allegory
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Literary works, art works, or other creative works that employ allegory to express complex abstract ideas, for example works that employ symbolic, fictional figures and actions to express truths or generalizations about human conduct or experience. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Literarisches Werk, Kunstwerk oder anderes künstlerisches Werk, das allegorische Darstellungsformen benutzt, um komplexe abstrakte Ideen auszudrücken, zum Beispiel ein Werk, das symbolhafte, fiktionale Bilder und Handlungen verwendet, um Wahrheiten oder Verallgemeinerungen über menschliches Verhalten oder Erfahrungen zum Ausdruck zu bringen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Obras literarias que emplean personajes y acciones ficticias simbólicas para expresar verdades o generalizaciones acerca de conductas o experiencias humanas. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Literaire werken waarin met behulp van fictionele, symbolische figuren en handelingen waarheden of generalisaties omtrent menselijk gedrag of menselijke ervaringen worden gedebiteerd. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202507
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: The word derives from the Greek allegoria ("speaking otherwise"). The term loosely describes any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning. This narrative acts as an extended metaphor in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on the literal level, but they also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative. Typically, an allegory involves the interaction of multiple symbols, which together create a moral, spiritual, or even political meaning. The act of interpreting a story as if each object in it had an allegorical meaning is called allegoresis. If we wish to be more exact, an allegory is an act of interpretation, a way of understanding, rather than a genre in and of itself. Poems, novels, or plays can all be allegorical, in whole or in part. These allegories can be as short as a single sentence or as long as a ten volume book. The label "allegory" comes from an interaction between symbols that creates a coherent meaning beyond that of the literal level of interpretation. Probably the most famous allegory in English literature is John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (1678), in which the hero named Christian flees the City of Destruction and travels through the Valley of the Shadow of Death, Vanity Fair, Doubting Castle, and finally arrives at the Celestial City. The entire narrative is a representation of the human soul's pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation in heaven. Medieval works were frequently allegorical, such as the plays Mankind and Everyman. Other important allegorical works include mythological allegories like Apuleius' tale of Cupid and Psyche in The Golden Ass and Prudentius' Psychomachiae. More recent non-mythological allegories include Spenser's The Faerie Queene, Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Butler's Erewhon, and George Orwell's Animal Fa…
derived from: lit terms a.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ANAGRAM
type: literary genre
label: anagram
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Anagrammatic poetry is poetry with the constrained form that either each line or each verse is an anagram of all other lines or verses in the poem. A poet that specializes in anagrams is an anagrammarian. Writing anagrammatic poetry is a form of a constrained writing similar to writing pangrams or long alliterations.
derived from: Anagrammatic poem
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Words or phrases made by transposing the letters of other words or phrases. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Palabras o frases que resultan de la transposición de las letras de otras palabras o frases. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Woorden of zinnen die worden gevormd door de letters van andere woorden of zinnen om te zetten. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 將其他字或詞的字母調換位置，所組成的字或詞。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202515
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: (Greek: "writing back or anew"): When the letters or syllables in a name, word or phrase are shuffled together or jumbled to form a new word. For instance, in Tanith Lee's short story, "Bite-Me-Not, or Fleur De Fleu," the predatory vampire's name is Feroluce--an anagram of his demonic predecessor, Lucifer. Similarly in the film Angelheart, the devil travels using the anagram Louis Cipher, i.e., Lucifer as a moniker, and in film-makers' spin-offs of Bram Stoker's Dracula, Dracula uses the name Alucard as a disguise. (An anagram that functions by merely writing a name backwards is known more specifically as an ananym.) Authors who love wordplay love using anagrams. For instance, Samuel Butler's utopian satire Erewhon is an anagram of "Nowhere." Critics have suggested Hawthorne's short story "The Minister's Black Veil" involves an anagram on veil and evil. Anagrams were quite popular in the Renaissance.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms a.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ANNOTATION
type: literary genre
label: annotation
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Notes added as comment or explanation, such as those accompanying an entry in a bibliography, reading list, or catalogue intended to describe, explain, or evaluate the publication referred to. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Ergänzung, die als Kommentar oder Erklärung hinzugefügt wird, wie beispielsweise jene, die einem Titel in einer Bibliografie, einer Leseliste oder einem Katalog beigefügt ist und die betreffende Publikation beschreiben, erklären oder bewerten soll. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Notas agregadas como comentarios o explicaciones. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Verklarende aantekeningen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026100
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

ANSWER
type: literary genre
label: answer
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

ANTHEM
type: literary genre
label: anthem
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

ANTHOLOGY
type: literary genre
label: anthology
label: anthologie @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Collections of choice extracts, from the writings of one author, or various authors, and usually having a common characteristic such as subject matter or literary form. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Sammlung von Auszügen aus den Schriften eines Autors oder verschiedenen Autoren; in der Regel mit einem gemeinsamen Merkmal wie Motiv oder literarischer Form. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Colecciones de piezas escogidas de las obras de un autor, o varios autores, y generalmente teniendo una característica común, tal como un tema central o una forma literaria. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Verzamelingen van passages gekozen uit het geschreven werk van één auteur of verscheidene auteurs, meestal met een gemeenschappelijk kenmerk, zoals het onderwerp of de literaire vorm. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026037
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: (from Grk. anther+logos, "flower-words"): Literally implying a collection of flowers, the term anthology refers to a collection of poetry, drama, or verse. English majors may be familiar with the ubiquitous Norton Anthology of British Literature, for instance. The first collection of poetry thus labeled was The Anthology, a collection of some 4,500 Greek poems dating between 490 BCE and 1,000 CE.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms a.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ANTIROMANCE
type: literary genre
label: antiromance
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

APHORISM
type: literary genre
label: aphorism
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Short, pithy statements of principle or precepts, often of known authorship; distinguished from "proverbs" which are statements repeated colloquially and which often embody the folk wisdom of a group or nation. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Kurze, prägnante Erklärung eines Prinzips oder Grundsatzes, häufig mit bekannter Urheberschaft; zu unterscheiden vom "Sprichwort", einer in der Alltagssprache wiederholten Äußerung, die häufig Volksweisheiten einer Gruppe oder eines Landes enthält. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Sentencias cortas y concisas de principios o preceptos, a menudo de conocida autoría, diferentes de los "proverbios" que son sentencias que se repiten coloquialmente y que a menudo encarnan la sabiduría popular de un grupo o nación. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Korte, bondige formuleringen van principes of voorschriften, waarvan de auteur dikwijls bekend is; te onderscheiden van 'spreekwoorden', hetgeen uitdrukkingen zijn die in de omgangstaal zijn ingeburgerd en dikwijls een volkswijsheid van een groep mensen of een volk uitdrukken. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300253001

APOLOGY
type: literary genre
label: apology
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

ARTCRITICISM
type: literary genre
label: art criticism
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

AUTOBIOGRAPHY
type: literary genre
label: autobiography
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Documents of any type that are biographies of individuals written by themselves. For the overall genre, use "autobiography (genre)."Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Biografías de individuos escritas por ellos mismos.Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Biografieën met de auteur zelf als onderwerp.Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Biographie einer Person, die von ihr selbst verfasst wurde.Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300080104
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: A non-fictional account of a person's life--usually a celebrity, an important historical figure, or a writer--written by that actual person. Contrast with the autobiographical novel, above.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms a.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

BALLAD
type: literary genre
value: BALLADE
label: ballade
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A ballade (from French ballade, [baˈlad], and German Ballade, [baˈlaːdə], both being words for "ballad"), in classical music since the late 18th century, refers to a setting of a literary ballad, a narrative poem, in the musical tradition of the Lied, or to a one-movement instrumental piece with lyrical and dramatic narrative qualities reminiscent of such a song setting, especially a piano ballad.
definition: Die Ballade ist in der Klaviermusik eine Gattung des 19. Jahrhunderts, die ähnlich wie das Charakterstück oder das Lied ohne Worte formal nicht festgelegt ist. Gelegentlich lassen sich die Komponisten von Dichtungen (z. B. Chopin und Brahms) oder Stimmungen inspirieren. Zu den Vorläufern der Klavierballade zählen die Rhapsodien der beiden tschechischen Komponisten Václav Jan Křtitel Tomášek und Jan Václav Voříšek. @de
definition: El término balada se ha utilizado de formas muy diferentes en la historia de la música. En los siglos XIV y XV la palabra francesa ballade designaba un tipo de canción, habitualmente con tres estrofas de siete u ocho versos de los que el último servía de estribillo. La forma musical era la denominada "forma bar" (AAB): la melodía de los dos primeros versos se repetía en el tercero y cuarto; el resto se cantaban con melodía diferente. Las ballades eran habitualmente polifónicas, a dos o, con más frecuencia, tres voces: la voz superior (cantus) era la melodía principal; las otras voces podían ser cantadas o interpretadas con instrumentos. En Italia, en el Trecento (siglo XIV), el término ballata designaba un tipo diferente de canción, similar al virelay francés: un estribillo alternaba con estrofas divididas en dos secciones: la primera repetía dos veces una melodía, con final abierto y cerrado; la segunda se cantaba con la melodía del estribillo. En el siglo XIX, el título fue dado por Frédéric Chopin a cuatro importantes obras a gran escala para piano (Opus 23, 38, 47 y 52), la primera aplicación significativa del término en la música instrumental. Subsecuentemente otros compositores han usado el título para sus obras para piano: Johannes Brahms (la tercera de sus Klavierstücke opus 118, y las cuatro del opus 10), Edvard Grieg (opus 24, un conjunto de variaciones), Franz Liszt (que escribió dos) y Gabriel Fauré (opus 19, posteriormente arreglada para piano y orquesta). Sin embargo, hay que destacar que también se han escrito baladas para otros instrumentos. @es
derived from: Ballade (classical music)
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: A French verse form consisting most often of three eight-line stanzas having the same rhyme pattern, followed by a four-line envoy. In a typical ballade, the last lines of each stanza and of the envoy are the same. Among the most famous ballades are Chaucer's "Ballade of Good Advice" and Rossetti's translation of François Villon's "Ballade of Dead Ladies," which asks in each stanza and in the envoy, "Mais ou sont les nieges d'antan?" ("But where are the snows of yesteryear?") The ballade first rose to prominence in the 14th and 15th centuries, popularized by French poets like Guillaume de Machaut and Eustache Deschampes. It was perfected in the 16th century by François Villon, but it later fell into disrepute when 17th century poets like Moliere and Boileau mocked its conventions. See envoy, ballad.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms B.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

BALLADOPERA
type: literary genre
label: ballad opera
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

BALLET
type: literary genre
label: ballet
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

BERGAMASQUE
type: literary genre
label: bergamasque
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

BESTIARY
type: literary genre
label: bestiary
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Collections of moralized fables, especially as written in the Middle Ages, about actual or mythical animals. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Sammlung moralischer Fabeln, insbesondere solcher, die im Mittelalter über wirkliche oder mythische Tiere verfasst wurden. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Verzamelingen moraliserende vertellingen, zoals die in de middeleeuwen veel werden geschreven, over bestaande of mythische dieren. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Colecciones de fábulas moralizadoras, especialmente como aquellas escritas de la Edad Media, acerca de animales actuales o míticos. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 描寫真實或虛構的動物，具道德教訓的寓言集，尤指中世紀之著作。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300201056
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: A medieval treatise listing, naming, and describing various animals and their attributes, often using an elaborate allegory to explain the spiritual significance in terms of Christian doctrine. The bestiaries are examples of didactic literature, in that each animal's behavior ultimately points to a moral. The oldest bestiaries adapt material from Pliny and classical sources, though by the early 1200s, French bestiaries had doubled or tripled the entries found in Pliny by adding new materials. Later, thirteenth-century additions were made to Latin versions, usually derived from the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville (570-636 CE).The oldest surviving reference to this sort of bestiary that uses Christian doctrine is a marginal notation in a copy of Genesis dating from the early fifth-century, which refers the reader to the Physiologus for details about the animals in Genesis. The Physiologus (literally, "the Natural Philosopher" or "the Biologist") was particularly widespread, appearing in Greek, Latin, Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, French, and Italian texts; its name comes from the opening lines in Latin, "Physiologus ait . . ." ["The biologist says . . ."]. Corresponding to bestiaries, lapidaries were treatises on the magical and spiritual properties of stones and gems, and herbaries or botanies discussed the magical and herbal properties of plants and trees. Often these materials would be packaged in single manuscripts, such as De Animalibus et Aliis Rebus (Concerning Animals and Other Things). See didactic literature. For an external link, see http://www.camrax.com/symbol/Bestiaryintro.php4.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms b.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

BIBLICALPARAPHRASE
type: literary genre
label: biblical paraphrase
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

BILDUNGSROMAN
type: literary genre
label: bildungsroman
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Novels of a traditional German genre that focuses on the spiritual development or formative years of an individual. Now in broad use to refer to this type of novel written in any language or in any culture.
definition: Traditionelle deutsche Romanform, bei der das Hauptaugenmerk auf der geistigen Entwicklung oder die prägenden Jahre einer Person liegt. Wird inzwischen weitgehend für diesen Romantypus verwendet, egal in welcher Sprache er geschrieben wurde oder aus welcher Kultur er stammt. @de
definition: 傳統德國類型之小說，著重於主角的精神發展或構成的年代。而今廣泛用於指以任何語言或於任何文化背景寫作之此一種類的小說。 @zh-hant
definition: Romans van een traditioneel Duits genre met daarin een beschrijving van de geestelijke ontwikkeling of vormende jaren van een persoon. De term gebruikt men nu in algemene zin voor romans van dit type, ongeacht de betreffende taal of cultuur. @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300297857
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Le roman d'apprentissage, appelé aussi roman de formation ou roman d’éducation, est un genre littéraire romanesque né en Allemagne au XVIIIe siècle (à ne pas confondre avec le roman de jeunesse). Il s'oppose cependant à la fonction première du romanesque qui est de nous transporter dans un monde de rêve et d'évasion. On parle ainsi de « roman initiatique » ou de « conte initiatique ». En allemand, le roman de formation est nommé « Bildungsroman ». Ce terme est dû au philologue allemand Johann Carl Simon Morgenstern, qui voyait dans le Bildungsroman « l'essence du roman par opposition au récit épique ». On emploie aussi l'expression « Entwicklungsroman » (roman de développement personnel). Un roman d'apprentissage a pour thème le cheminement évolutif d'un héros, souvent jeune, jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne l'idéal de l'homme accompli et cultivé. Le héros découvre en général un domaine particulier dans lequel il fait ses armes. Mais en réalité, c'est une conception de la vie en elle-même qu'il se forge progressivement. En effet, derrière l'apprentissage d'un domaine, le jeune héros découvre les grands événements de l'existence (la mort, l'amour, la haine, l'altérité, pour prendre quelques exemples). Ainsi, dans L'Éducation sentimentale (Flaubert, 1869), le jeune Frédéric connaît les premiers émois de l'amour : et réfléchissant sur les sentiments qu'il porte à Mme Arnoux, Frédéric se construit une idée de l'existence. Le roman d'apprentissage est un roman qui décrit la maturation du héros. Il manque d'expérience au départ et traverse des obstacles ou des épreuves afin de mûrir et d'en tirer des leçons. @fr
definition: La novela de formación o novela de aprendizaje es un género literario que retrata la transición de la niñez a la vida adulta. El término alemán original, Bildungsroman () significa literalmente novela de formación o novela de educación y fue acuñado por el filólogo Johann Carl Simon Morgenstern en 1819. La temática de esta novela es la evolución y el desarrollo físico, moral, psicológico y social de un personaje, generalmente desde su infancia hasta la madurez. En esta evolución se suelen diferenciar tres etapas: la primera es el aprendizaje de juventud ("Jugendlehre"), la segunda son los años de peregrinación ("Wanderjahre") y por último el perfeccionamiento ("Läuterung"). A pesar de que existen rasgos de la novela de aprendizaje en obras clásicas o medievales (en las obras moralizantes, por ejemplo), es plausible situar en el Renacimiento el embrión de este tipo de novela, especialmente en el género picaresco. Por ejemplo, El lazarillo de Tormes muestra el proceso por el que el protagonista, Lázaro, aprende a defenderse en la vida tras sufrir sirviendo a distintos amos abusivos. Convencionalmente se considera que el género surge dentro de la corriente del Romanticismo alemán con Los años de aprendizaje de Wilhelm Meister (Wilhem Meister Lehrjahre, 1795/1796) de Wolfgang Goethe. La traducción al inglés de esta novela, realizada por Thomas Carlyle, contribuyó a expandir este género nacido en Alemania al resto de Europa y luego al resto del mundo. A medida que ha ido avanzando el género, nos podemos encontrar con negativos Bildungsromane en los que se cuentan los fracasos de los personajes como, por ejemplo, en "Anton Reiser" de Karl Philip Moritz y modernos Bildungsromane, como Carta breve para un largo adiós (Der Kurze Brief zum langen Abschied, 1972) de Peter Handke. Muchas de las grandes novelas de los siglos XIX y XX, sin ser estrictamente Bildungsroman, comparten alguna de sus características. Por ejemplo, Marcel Proust en En busca del tiempo perdido narra el p… @es
derived from: Bildungsroman
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Novels of a traditional German genre that focuses on the spiritual development or formative years of an individual. Now in broad use to refer to this type of novel written in any language or in any culture. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Traditionelle deutsche Romanform, bei der das Hauptaugenmerk auf der geistigen Entwicklung oder die prägenden Jahre einer Person liegt. Wird inzwischen weitgehend für diesen Romantypus verwendet, egal in welcher Sprache er geschrieben wurde oder aus welcher Kultur er stammt. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Romans van een traditioneel Duits genre met daarin een beschrijving van de geestelijke ontwikkeling of vormende jaren van een persoon. De term gebruikt men nu in algemene zin voor romans van dit type, ongeacht de betreffende taal of cultuur. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 傳統德國類型之小說，著重於主角的精神發展或構成的年代。而今廣泛用於指以任何語言或於任何文化背景寫作之此一種類的小說。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
definition: Germ. "formation novel"): The German term for a coming-of-age story. Also called an Erziehungsroman. For more information, see coming-of-age story.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms b.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

BIOGRAPHICALDICTIONARY
type: literary genre
label: biographical dictionary
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

BIOGRAPHY
type: literary genre
label: biography
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Brief profiles of a people's life or work.
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404015
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Une biographie (une bio), du grec ancien βίος, « la vie » et γραφή, « écrire », est un écrit qui a pour objet l'histoire d'une vie particulière. Elle peut être écrite par la personne elle-même (autobiographie) ou par une autre personne. @fr
definition: Eine Biografie, auch Biographie (griechisch βιογραφία, von βίος, bíos „Leben“ und -graphie von γράφω, gráphō „ritzen, malen, schreiben“) ist die Lebensbeschreibung einer Person. Die Biografie ist die mündliche oder schriftliche Präsentation des Lebenslaufes eines anderen Menschen; ein Sonderfall der Biografie ist die Autobiografie: Sie hat der Betreffende selbst (heute allerdings häufig mit der Unterstützung eines Ghostwriters) über seine eigenen Lebenserfahrungen verfasst. Im Familienverbund werden Autobiografien manchmal dem Testament beigefügt. Es soll vom Leben eine Spur übrig bleiben – die Nachkommen sollen wissen, was war. Den Lebenslauf zu beschreiben, bedeutete auch eine nachträgliche Konstruktion einer bestimmten Sinnhaftigkeit des beschriebenen Lebens. Dies führt weiter zur Frage nach dem subjektiv verstandenen und dem objektiven Leben. Jeder Mensch entwirft seine eigene Biografie in unterschiedlichen Lebenssituationen (beim Bewerbungsgespräch, bei der Aufnahme persönlicher Beziehungen oder allgemeiner bei der eigenen Lebensrückschau, z. B. beim Psychologen oder Psychiater). Biografien bilden auch ein wichtiges Instrument der Erinnerung an andere Personen. Sie sind daher Gegenstand der Literatur- und Geschichtswissenschaft, der Soziologie, der Pädagogik, der Psychologie, der Medizin und der Theologie. Die einzelnen Arbeitsfelder und Arbeitsgegenstände der Biografieforschung sind sehr heterogen und haben eigene Forschungstraditionen entwickelt. @de
definition: La biografía (del griego βίος [bíos], ‘vida’ y γράφειν [grafein], ‘escribir’) es la historia de la vida de una persona narrada desde su nacimiento hasta su muerte, consignando sus hechos logrados, fracasos, sucesos relevantes de su vida, así como todo lo que pueda interesar de la misma. @es
definition: Een biografie (Grieks: βιος leven) is een op schrift gestelde (en doorgaans gepubliceerde) levensbeschrijving van een persoon. De term wordt meestal gebruikt voor non-fictie, dat wil zeggen werken waarin iemand het werkelijke leven van een werkelijk bestaand, veelal beroemd, persoon probeert te beschrijven. Een biografie is wel verhalend en probeert op die manier een beter inzicht te geven in de persoonlijkheid en karakter van de beschreven persoon dan een droge opsomming van feiten zou doen. Een biografie van een heilige heet een hagiografie. Deze term wordt ook gebruikt als de schrijver zijn onderwerp onkritisch behandelt. Als de schrijver van een biografie ook het onderwerp van de biografie is, heet dit een autobiografie. @nl
derived from: Biography
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: The genre of nonfiction that concerns accounts of the lives of individuals. For examples of this genre, prefer "biographies (documents)." Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: El género de no ficción que compete a narraciones escritas de la vida de individuos. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Het non-fictie genre dat zich bezighoudt met geschreven beschrijvingen van het leven van een persoon. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 關於個人生活之非小說類型。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055908
definition: (Greek, bios+graphe "life writing"): A non-fictional account of a person's life--usually a celebrity, an important historical figure, or a writer. If a writer uses his or her own life as the basis of a biography, the work is called an autobiography. Contrast with a memoir.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms b.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

BISEXUALFICTION
type: literary genre
label: bisexual fiction
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

BLACKCOMEDY
type: literary genre
label: black comedy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A black comedy (or dark comedy) is a comic work that employs morbid humor, which, in its simplest form, is humor that makes light of subject matter usually considered taboo. Black humor corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor. Black comedy is often controversial due to its subject matter.[citation needed]
definition: L’humour noir est une forme d’humour qui souligne avec cruauté, amertume et parfois désespoir l’absurdité du monde, face à laquelle il constitue quelquefois une forme de défense. @fr
definition: Als schwarzer Humor wird Humor bezeichnet, der Verbrechen, Krankheit, Tod und ähnliche Themen, für die gewöhnlich eine Abhandlung in ernster Form erwartet wird, in satirischer oder bewusst verharmlosender Weise verwendet. Oft bezieht er sich auf Zeitthemen. Schwarzer Humor bedient sich häufig paradoxer Stilfiguren. Nicht selten löst er Kontroversen aus darüber, ob man sich über die genannten Dinge lustig machen dürfe und wo die Grenzen des guten Geschmacks lägen; besonders ist dies der Fall, wenn religiöse und sexuelle Themen und tragische Ereignisse zum Gegenstand genommen werden. In der darstellenden Kunst nennt man auf schwarzen Humor setzende Werke schwarze Komödien. @de
definition: El humor negro es un tipo de humor que se ejerce a propósito de cosas que suscitarían, contempladas desde otra perspectiva, piedad, terror, lástima o emociones parecidas. Cuestiona situaciones sociales que generalmente son serias mediante la sátira. El asunto más recurrente en el humor negro es la muerte y todo lo que está relacionado con ella. Atañe los temas más oscuros y dolorosos para el ser humano y que, por norma general, suelen resultar controvertidos y polémicos para la sociedad porque están relacionados con la moral. Algunos ejemplos pueden ser: las grandes tragedias, las normas sociales, la sexualidad, los asesinatos, el suicidio, las enfermedades, la pobreza, la locura, el terrorismo, el racismo, la drogadicción, la violación, las discapacidades, la guerra, la religión, la política, la discriminación, etc., pero representados en forma cómica. @es
definition: Zwarte humor is een vorm van humor, gebaseerd op het leed van anderen met als doel te spotten en te amuseren. Hierbij is er een zekere overeenkomst met het (psychologisch) cynisme, waarbij een negatieve houding tegenover (een deel van) de maatschappij tot uiting komt. Vaak wordt deze, meestal overdreven, vorm van humor gebruikt om het leed te relativeren of een reactie bij de toeschouwer te ontlokken. Zwarte humor draait vaak rond taboe-onderwerpen die over het algemeen erg gevoelig liggen bij de meeste mensen, zoals dood, geweld, ziekte, moord, zelfmoord, natuurrampen, ongevallen, handicaps, drugs, mishandeling, hongersnood, armoede, kindermisbruik, verkrachting, racisme, discriminatie, genocide, de holocaust en de Tweede Wereldoorlog. In normale omstandigheden wordt humor rond deze deprimerende thema's afgekeurd of bijzonder smakeloos gevonden. Veel mensen die gebruikmaken van zwarte humor proberen hun publiek hiermee dan ook ongemakkelijk te maken of te choqueren. Op het juiste moment en in de juiste omstandigheden kan deze vorm van humor echter ook helpen om spanningen weg te nemen of het leed te relativeren. Doordat echter elk individu zijn eigen morele en ethische grenzen heeft is de reactie bij het publiek niet altijd in te schatten. @nl
derived from: Black comedy
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

BOUTSRIMES
type: literary genre
label: boutsrimes
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

BROADSIDE
type: literary genre
label: broadside
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

BURLETTA
type: literary genre
label: burletta
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

CABARET
type: literary genre
label: cabaret
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

CAPTIVITYNARRATIVE
type: literary genre
label: captivity narrative
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Captivity narratives are usually stories of people captured by enemies whom they consider uncivilized, or whose beliefs and customs they oppose. The best-known captivity narratives are those concerning the indigenous peoples of North America. These narratives (and questions about their accuracy) have an enduring place in literature, history, ethnography, and the study of Native peoples. However, captivity narratives have also come to play a major role in the study of contemporary religious movements, thanks to scholars of religion like David G. Bromley and James R. Lewis. In this article, both main types of captivity narratives are considered. Traditionally, historians have made limited use of certain captivity narratives. They have regarded the genre with suspicion because of its ideological underpinnings. As a result of new scholarly approaches, historians with a more certain grasp of Native American cultures are distinguishing between plausible statements of fact and value-laden judgements in order to study the narratives as rare sources from "inside" Native societies. Contemporary historians such as Linda Colley and anthropologists such as Pauline Turner Strong have also found the narratives useful in analyzing how the colonists constructed the "other", as well as what the narratives reveal about the settlers' sense of themselves and their culture, and the experience of crossing the line to another. Colley has studied the long history of English captivity in other cultures, both the Barbary pirate captives who preceded those in North America, and British captives in cultures such as India, after the North American experience. Certain North American captivity narratives involving Native peoples were published from the 18th through the 19th centuries, but they reflected a well-established genre in English literature. There had already been English accounts of captivity by Barbary pirates, or in the Middle East, which established some of the major elements of the f…
definition: Der Ausdruck captivity narrative bezeichnet ein eigenständiges Genre der amerikanischen Literatur, das die Erfahrungen weißer Siedler in Nordamerika, zumeist Frauen, in indianischer Gefangenschaft schildert. Captivity narratives hatten im 17. Jahrhundert einen erheblichen Einfluss sowohl auf die autobiografische Literatur als auch später auf den amerikanischen Roman. Bekannt in diesem Zusammenhang wurden u.a. die Schicksale von Mary Rowlandson (1637–1711), Elizabeth Hanson (1684–1737) oder Cynthia Ann Parker (1826–1870). @de
derived from: Captivity narrative
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

CATECHISM
type: literary genre
label: catechism
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A catechism (/ˈkætəˌkizəm/; from Greek: κατηχέω, to teach orally), is a summary or exposition of doctrine and served as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts. Catechisms are doctrinal manuals - often in the form of questions followed by answers to be memorised - a format in non-religious or secular contexts as well. The term catechumen refers to the designated recipient of the catechetical work or instruction. In the Catholic Church, catachumens were usually placed separately during Holy Mass from those who received the Sacrament of Baptism. Early catecheticals emerged from Graeco-Roman mystery religions, especially the late cult of Mithras meant to educate their members into the secretive teachings, which competed with the Christian Church as an underground religion in the 1st to 4th centuries CE and allegedly shared its many ritual practices. Today, they are characteristic of Western Christianity but are also present in Eastern Christianity.
definition: Dans la religion chrétienne, le catéchisme désigne l'instruction des doctrines de la foi chrétienne, particulièrement destinée aux enfants. Il prend souvent la forme d'une exposé officiel des articles de la foi, servant d'outil de base pour la catéchèse, qui est l'ensemble des actions destinées à éduquer des enfants, des jeunes et des adultes à la doctrine chrétienne. La catéchèse est une des composantes de la mission évangélique du christianisme. @fr
definition: Der Katechismus ist seit dem Beginn der Neuzeit ein Handbuch der Unterweisung in den Grundfragen des christlichen Glaubens. Mit dem Wort Katechismus wurde auch die Taufkatechese für die Erwachsenen und seit der Einführung der Kindertaufe das Glaubensexamen der Taufpaten bezeichnet. @de
definition: El catecismo (del griego κατηχισμός, de kata [«abajo»] + echein [«sonar»], literalmente «sonar abajo» (dentro de los oídos), es decir, «adoctrinar») es el texto en el que se presenta una exposición orgánica y sintética de los contenidos esenciales y fundamentales de la doctrina cristiana tanto sobre la fe como sobre la moral. A lo largo de la historia han existido diversos tipos de catecismos, y la mayoría de iglesias y denominaciones cristianas cuentan con sus propias ediciones. En el caso de la Iglesia católica, sus catecismos se basan principalmente en la Tradición de la Iglesia interpretada a la luz del Concilio Vaticano II. Sus fuentes principales son la Sagrada Escritura, los Santos Padres, la Liturgia y el Magisterio de la Iglesia. Está destinado a servir "como un punto de referencia para los catecismos o compendios que sean compuestos en los diversos países" (Sínodo de los Obispos 1985. Relación final II B A 4). Existe una versión in extenso promulgada el 11 de octubre de 1992 por Juan Pablo II y el Compendio, promulgado por el Papa Benedicto XVI el 28 de junio de 2005, que es una síntesis fiel y segura del Catecismo de la Iglesia católica. Contiene, de modo conciso, todos los elementos esenciales y fundamentales de la fe de la Iglesia, de manera tal que constituye, de acuerdo a lo descrito en su presentación por el Papa "una especie de vademécum, a través del cual las personas, creyentes o no, pueden abarcar con una sola mirada de conjunto el panorama completo de la fe católica". @es
definition: Een catechismus (van het Griekse: Κατήχησις, katechesis = onderricht) is een opsomming van de leer van een bepaald kerkgenootschap waarin al zijn dogma's systematisch en voor leken begrijpelijk worden gegeven en uitgelegd. Omdat ze een middel zijn bij de catechese, worden ze vaak in vraag- en antwoordvorm uitgegeven. @nl
derived from: Catechism
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Manuals or guides for instructing through a series of questions and answers, especially for religious instruction. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Handbuch oder Leitfaden, der durch Fragen und Antworten lehrreich ist, insbesondere für die religiöse Unterweisung. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Handboeken of richtsnoeren voor onderwijs aan de hand van een reeks vragen en antwoorden, met name voor religieus onderwijs. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Manuales o guías para instruir a través de una serie de preguntas y respuestas, especialmente para instrucción religiosa. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 藉由一系列問題與答案來教學的手冊或指南，尤其是宗教教育。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026460
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

CHAPBOOK
type: literary genre
label: chapbook
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Small books or pamphlets, usually cheaply printed and containing such texts as popular tales, treatises, ballads, or nursery rhymes, formerly peddled by chapmen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Kleines Buch oder Broschüre, in der Regel kostengünstig gedruckt. Es enthält Texte wie Volksmärchen, Abhandlungen, Balladen oder Kinderreime, die früher von Hausierern verbreitet wurden. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Kleine boeken of pamfletten, meestal goedkoop gedrukt en met teksten als volksverhalen, verhandelingen, ballades of kinderversjes, vroeger gevent door marskramers. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Libros pequeños o folletos, generalmente de impresión barata y conteniendo textos tales como cuentos populares, tratados, baladas o rimas infantiles, anteriormente vendidos por vendedores ambulantes. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 小本書或小冊子，通常為廉價印刷，內容為受歡迎的故事、論文、民謠，或童謠等，從前由小販沿街叫賣。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300152367
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

CHARACTER
type: literary genre
label: character
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Any representation of an individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. The reader can interpret characters as endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in what they say (dialogue) and what they do (action).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms c.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

CHARADE
type: literary genre
label: charade
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

CHILDRENSLITERATURE
type: literary genre
label: childrens literature
label: littérature pour l'enfants @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Literature written and published for children. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Literatura escrita y publicada para niños. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Literatuur die wordt geschreven en uitgegeven voor kinderen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 為兒童寫作、出版的文學。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300263209
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

CLERIHEW
type: literary genre
label: clerihew
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A clerihew is a whimsical, four-line biographical poem invented by Edmund Clerihew Bentley. The first line is the name of the poem's subject, usually a famous person put in an absurd light. The rhyme scheme is AABB, and the rhymes are often forced. The line length and metre are irregular. Bentley invented the clerihew in school and then popularized it in books. One of his best known is this (1905):
definition: Ein Clerihew ist ein kurzer scherzhafter pseudobiographischer Vierzeiler, eine Gedichtform, die von Edmund Clerihew Bentley (1875–1956) erfunden wurde. Er besteht aus zwei Reimpaaren mit ungleichmäßiger Länge und mehr oder weniger freiem Rhythmus. Der Name der historischen Person steht dabei meist am Ende der ersten oder der zweiten Verszeile. Der Clerihew ist eher wunderlich und schrullig als satirisch.Die Verszeilen sind auf komische Weise irregulär (unregelmäßige Verslänge, unregelmäßiger – nicht aber freier – Rhythmus). @de
definition: De clerihew is een zogenaamd light verse (gedicht) bedacht door Edmund Clerihew Bentley (1875-1956). De volgende regels zijn van toepassing op een clerihew: Voorbeeld in het Engels:Our art teacher, Mr. Shaw, Really knows how to draw. But his awful paintings Have caused many faintings. Voorbeeld van Drs. P:Karel IXWou dat het koppen regendeToen de Bartolomeusnacht werd afgeflotenZei hij zelfs: Ik heb (Hu!) genoten! @nl
derived from: Clerihew
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: In light verse, a funny poem of closed-form with four lines rhyming ABAB in irregular meter, usually about a famous person from history or literature. Typically the historical person's name forms one of the rhymes. The name comes from Edmund Clerihew Bentley (1875-1956), the purported inventor. He supposedly had a habit of scribbling down such rhymes during dull lectures at school, including this one from his chemistry class:Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms c.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

CLOSETDRAMA
type: literary genre
label: closetdrama
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

COLOURINGBOOK
type: literary genre
label: colouring book
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Books containing outline drawings, for coloring in with crayons, watercolor, colored pencils, or other media, usually intended for use by children.
definition: Libros que contienen dibujos de contornos, para ser coloreados con lápices de cera, acuarelas, lápices de colores, u otros medios, generalmente destinados a niños. @es
definition: Boeken met omtrektekeningen die kunnen worden ingekleurd met tekenstiften, aquarelverf, kleurpotloden of andere middelen, gewoonlijk bedoeld voor kinderen. @nl
definition: Buch mit Umrisszeichnungen zum farbigen Ausmalen mit Wachsstiften, Wasserfarben, Buntstiften oder anderen Medien, in der Regel für Kinder gedacht. @de
definition: 內含圖畫輪廓的書本，可用蠟筆、水彩、彩色鉛筆、或其他材料，加以著色，使用對象通常為兒童。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026449
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Books containing outline drawings, for coloring in with crayons, watercolor, colored pencils, or other media, usually intended for use by children. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Buch mit Umrisszeichnungen zum farbigen Ausmalen mit Wachsstiften, Wasserfarben, Buntstiften oder anderen Medien, in der Regel für Kinder gedacht. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Boeken met omtrektekeningen die kunnen worden ingekleurd met tekenstiften, aquarelverf, kleurpotloden of andere middelen, gewoonlijk bedoeld voor kinderen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Libros que contienen dibujos de contornos, para ser coloreados con lápices de cera, acuarelas, lápices de colores, u otros medios, generalmente destinados a niños. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 內含圖畫輪廓的書本，可用蠟筆、水彩、彩色鉛筆、或其他材料，加以著色，使用對象通常為兒童。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant

COMEDY
type: literary genre
label: comedy
label: comédie @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Light and amusing stories.
definition: Lichte en amusante verhalen. @nl
definition: Historias livianas y entretenidas. @es
definition: Leichte und amüsante Geschichte. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300201014
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Genre encompassing forms of theatre, literature, and improvisation with the basic objective to amuse, humor, and induce laughter. In general, it is often contrasted with tragedy and can be applied in the form of social criticism through satire and political or intellectual wit or applied in the form of pure spectacle through farce or burlesque. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Género que engloba formas de teatro, literatura e improvisación con el objetivo básico de entretener, complacer e inducir a la risa. En general, y es a menudo contrastado con la tragedia, puede ser aplicado en la forma de crítica social o sátira intelectual o aplicado en la forma de espectáculo puro a través de la farsa o parodia. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Genre waaronder theater-, literatuur- en improvisatievormen vallen waarvan het belangrijkste doel is mensen te amuseren en aan het lachen te maken. Tragedie wordt in het algemeen vaak ter contrastering gebruikt. Komedie kan een maatschappijkritische vorm krijgen door middel van satire en politieke of intellectuele spitsvondigheid, of kan puur spektakel zijn in de vorm van klucht of burleske. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055911
definition: (from Greek: komos, "songs of merrimakers"): In the original meaning of the word, comedy referred to a genre of drama during the Dionysia festivals of ancient Athens. The first comedies were loud and boisterous drunken affairs, as the word's etymology suggests. Later, in medieval and Renaissance use, the word comedy came to mean any play or narrative poem in which the main characters manage to avert an impending disaster and have a happy ending. The comedy did not necessarily have to be funny, and indeed, many comedies are serious in tone. It is only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that comedy's exclusive connotations of humor arose. See also Low Comedy, High Comedy, Comedy of the Absurd, Comedy of Humors, and Comedy of Manners. COMEDYDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms c.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

COMEDYOFINTRIGUE
type: literary genre
label: comedy of intrigue
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
broader transitive: COMEDY

COMEDYOFMANNERS
type: literary genre
label: comedy of manners
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: The comedy of manners is an entertainment form which satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class or of multiple classes, often represented by stereotypical stock characters. For example, the miles gloriosus ("boastful soldier") in ancient times, the fop and the rake during the English Restoration, or an old person pretending to be young. Restoration comedy is used as a synonym for "comedy of manners". The plot of the comedy, often concerned with scandal, is generally less important than its witty dialogue. A great writer of comedies of manners was Oscar Wilde, his most famous play being The Importance of Being Earnest. The comedy of manners was first developed in the new comedy of the Ancient Greek playwright Menander. His style, elaborate plots, and stock characters were imitated by the Roman playwrights Plautus and Terence, whose comedies were widely known and copied during the Renaissance. The best-known comedies of manners, however, may well be those of the French playwright Molière, who satirized the hypocrisy and pretension of the ancien régime in such plays as L'École des femmes (The School for Wives, 1662), Le Misanthrope (The Misanthrope, 1666), and most famously Tartuffe (1664).
definition: La comédie de mœurs est un sous-genre de la comédie qui se développe à partir du XVIe siècle. Y sont dénoncés les travers d'une époque, d'un groupe ou d'une classe sociale, généralement dominante. La comédie de mœurs est souvent caractérisée par une critique sociale qui reste superficielle. Généralement la dimension satirique ne vise qu'un travers particulier ou une convention risible très ciblée de la communauté dépeinte. En ce sens, la comédie de mœurs ne remet souvent rien de fondamental en cause dans la structure sociale ni dans la représentation dominante de l'époque. La critique s'efface vite et devient récupérable par l'ordre en place, comme dans les pièces d'Émile Augier ou d'Alexandre Dumas fils. Cependant, le dénouement peut aussi être impressionnant, comme celui des Affaires sont les affaires du libertaire Octave Mirbeau (1903), parfois qualifié de "shakespearien". Plusieurs comédies très connues de Molière sont des comédies de mœurs : Les Précieuses ridicules ou encore Les Femmes savantes mais aussi L'École des femmes. Pour Molière, la comédie de mœurs représente un lieu privilégié pour la satire sociale. @fr
definition: Ein Konversationsstück, auch Gesellschaftsstück, ist eine Form der Komödie. Im Vordergrund eines Konversationsstückes steht der geistreiche, witzig-pointierte Dialog. Theaterstücke, die als Konversationsstücke gelten, entstanden vor allem in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, seltener im 20. Jahrhundert in England und Frankreich. Der Literaturwissenschaftler Péter Szondi beschrieb den Begriff, indem er das Konversationsstück als „Rettungsversuch des Dramas durch die Rettung des Dialogs, der allerdings zur bloßen Konvention wird“ charakterisierte. Die Handlung, die in den höheren Gesellschaftskreisen spielt, wird durch von außen kommende Ereignisse vorangetrieben. Themen sind unter anderem das Frauenstimmrecht, die freie Liebe, die Mesalliance oder der Sozialismus. Bedeutende Vertreter des Konversationsstückes sind in Frankreich Eugène Scribe, Victorien Sardou und Sacha Guitry, in Großbritannien Oscar Wilde, George Bernhard Shaw und Thomas Stearns Eliot. Im deutschsprachigen Raum fehlte für die Ausbildung typischer Konversationsstücke weitgehend der gesellschaftliche Hintergrund. Werke von Hermann Bahr und Arthur Schnitzler können dem Genre noch am ehesten zugerechnet werden. Hugo von Hofmannsthal schuf 1921 mit Der Schwierige, wo die inhaltsleere Konversation selbst zum Thema wird, ein Zerrbild des Konversationsstücks. @de
definition: La comedia de costumbres es un subgénero dramático que describe con ironía y agudeza la vida cotidiana de una época o de una clase social concreta, por lo general la clase media o burguesa. El Diccionario Oxford la describe como "Comedia cuyo asunto principal es la presentación de la forma de conducta de los personajes y la descripción de ambientes de la vida social cotidiana". Trata siempre de los actos comunes de la vida social ordinaria, tanto en el plano egocéntrico (familia, amistades, centro de trabajo...) como en el sociocéntrico (vida política, relaciones institucionales...). Se halla emparentada con el llamado costumbrismo literario o cuadro de costumbres y se destina a un público que suele ser el mismo que aparece caricaturizado, reflejando la destreza o torpeza con que ciertos personajes siguen las pautas convencionales de comportamiento de su entorno, pautas que pueden ser tan rigurosas o banales moralmente cuanto su público pueda soportar, ya que su crítica social suele ser y de hecho es superficial, no toca a los pilares fundamentales de la sociedad y se suele desvanecer fácilmente. Lope de Vega (El perro del hortelano), Molière (Las preciosas ridículas, La escuela de las mujeres), Manuel Bretón de los Herreros (El pelo de la dehesa) y Jacinto Benavente (Pepa Doncel) destacaron escribiendo este tipo de comedias. La trama suele ser algún romance no permitido o algún otro asunto escandaloso, pero es menos importante que los diálogos ingeniosos, los comentarios punzantes sobre las flaquezas humanas y la atmósfera llena de susceptibilidades de la obra. Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina, Agustín Moreto y otros dramaturgos del s. XVII español fueron los primeros creadores de este tipo de comedias que fueron imitadas y desarrolladas en el XVIII por los franceses (Molière especialmente) e italianos (Carlo Goldoni, quien la imbricó con la Commedia dell'Arte); en Inglaterra se desarrolló a través de las piezas de William Congreve, Oliver Goldsmith y Richard Brinsley… @es
derived from: Comedy of manners
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
broader transitive: COMEDY

COMEDYOFMENACE
type: literary genre
label: comedy of menace
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
broader transitive: COMEDY

COMICBOOK
type: literary genre
label: comicbook
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Sequence of illustrations containing a story or stories (called "comics," because some are humorous), often serialized, published in booklet form. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Abfolge von Bildern, die eine Geschichte oder Geschichten beinhalten ("Comics" genannt, weil manche lustig sind), häufig als Fortsetzungsgeschichte und in Heftform veröffentlicht. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Strips die vaak in verschillende delen, in pamfletvorm worden uitgegeven. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Cómics, a menudo como series, publicados en forma de folletos. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 以小書冊形式出版的漫畫，常連載刊登。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300203177
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

COMINGOUT
type: literary genre
label: coming out
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

COMMONPLACEBOOK
type: literary genre
label: common place book
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Books in which noteworthy literary passages, cogent quotations, poems, comments, recipes, prescriptions, and other miscellaneous document types are written. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Buch, in das bemerkenswerte literarische Passagen, treffende Zitate, Gedichte, Kommentare, Rezepte, Belehrungen und diverse andere Textsorten geschrieben werden. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Boeken waarin bijzondere of beroemde passages, citaten, gedichten, commentaren, recepten, voorschriften en allerlei soorten andere documenten bijeen zijn gebracht. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Libros en los cuales están escritos pasajes literarios dignos de mención, citas válidas, poemas, comentarios, recetas de cocina, de remedios y otros tipos misceláneos de documentos. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 記錄值得注意的文章段落、名言佳句、詩、評論、食譜、醫療處方、和其他五花八門文件類型的本子。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300027093
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

COMPANION
type: literary genre
label: companion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

COMPUTERPROGRAM
type: literary genre
label: computer program
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A compilation of coded instructions or sequence of code that, when run, achieves a certain task in a mechanism, usually a computer. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Ein Kompilat kodierter Anweisungen oder Codesequenzen, das bei Ausführung innerhalb eines Systems, in der Regel einem Computer, eine bestimmte Aufgabe verrichtet. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Een reeks gecodeerde instructies die door een apparaat of mechanisme, gewoonlijk een computer, kunnen worden uitgevoerd zodat ze een bepaalde taak uitvoeren. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300312188
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

CONDITIONOFENGLANDNOVEL
type: literary genre
label: condition of england novel
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
broader transitive: NOVEL

CONDUCTLITERATURE
type: literary genre
label: conduct literature
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

COOKBOOK
type: literary genre
label: cookbook
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A cookbook (sometimes cookery book in Commonwealth English or cook book) is a kitchen reference publication that typically contains a collection of recipes. Modern versions may also include colorful illustrations and advice on purchasing quality ingredients or making substitutions. Cookbooks can also cover a wide variety of topics, including cooking techniques for the home, recipes and commentary from famous chefs, institutional kitchen manuals, and cultural commentary.
definition: Un livre de cuisine est un recueil de recettes ou de considérations gastronomiques. @fr
definition: Kochbücher beschreiben in Rezepten die Zubereitung von Speisen. Sie sind grob in drei Kategorien zu unterteilen: Der Begriff „Rezept“ für die Kochanweisung weist auf die Verbindung zwischen Heilkunst und Ernährung hin. Auch in der chemischen Industrie steht „Rezeptur“ für eine Liste chemischer Stoffe zur Bereitung eines anderen chemischen Stoffes. So schrieben Ärzte im alten Griechenland nicht nur Rezepte für Medikamente, sondern auch für Gerichte (Diät). @de
definition: El libro de cocina (también recetario) es una colección de recetas de cocina elaboradas por un cocinero famoso que suele exponer algunos trucos culinarios y diferentes experiencias personales. Uno de los más antiguos en lengua europea distinta del latín es el Llibre de Sent Soví, del que se conserva un manuscrito de 1313 o antes, pudiendo ser de 1024. También hay otros, como el escrito por Guillaume Tirel (1326 - 1395) durante la Gastronomía de la Edad Media, cuyo alias fue Taillevent. @es
definition: In een kookboek vindt men recepten voor de bereiding van voedsel, en informatie over het bereiden van voedsel in het algemeen. Kookboeken worden soms ware bestsellers, zoals de boeken van Jamie Oliver. In een kookboek staan, behalve recepten, informatie over het gebruik van een oven, definities of omschrijvingen van bereidingstechnieken en gewichtstabellen. Kookboeken zijn meestal opgedeeld in verschillende hoofdstukken, die ieder een andere gerechtsoort behandelen (voorgerechten, hoofdgerechten, nagerechten). Westerse kookboeken categoriseren de recepten voor hoofdgerechten meestal op basis van ingrediënten. In Japanse kookboeken worden de gerechten vaak gegroepeerd per kooktechniek (bijvoorbeeld braden, grillen en stomen). @nl
derived from: Cookbook
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Reference publications containing collections of recipes with ancillary content on selection of ingredients or the broader context of the types of cooking presented. Contemporary cookbooks may focus on cultural or regional themes. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026109
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

COURTSHIPFICTION
type: literary genre
label: courtshipfiction
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

CRIMINOLOGY
type: literary genre
label: criminology
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

DEDICATION
type: literary genre
label: dedication
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A short bit of text conventionally appearing before the start of a novel or poem in which the author or poet addresses some individual, invoking his or her gratitude or thanks to that individual. Frequently, the dedication is to a spouse, friend, loved one, child, mentor, or individual who inspired the work. Several of the Inklings dedicated specific fictional works to each other (or in the case of C.S. Lewis, to children of fellow Inklings). Among scholars, one of the most significant types of dedications is a festschrift. A festschrift is a collection of essays or studies in book form, dedicated to a former teacher or professor in his or her advanced age. The individual scholarly writings come from his or her students, who typically collaborate to organize the work and contact the publisher, and they present the collection to the teacher upon its publication.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms d.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

DETECTIVE
type: literary genre
label: detective
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Detective Comics is the title used for two American comic book series published by DC Comics. The first, published from 1937 to 2011, was best known for introducing the superhero Batman in Detective Comics #27 (cover dated May 1939). A second series of the same title was launched in the fall of 2011. The original series is the source of its publishing company's name and with Action Comics, the comic book launched with the debut of Superman, one of the medium's signature series. The original series published 881 issues between 1937 and 2011 and was the longest continuously published comic book in the United States.
definition: Detective Comics est un comics publié par DC Comics depuis mars 1937. C'est l'un des titres les plus connus de la société (avec Action Comics qui vit naître Superman). En fait, le « DC » de l'éditeur vient des initiales de Detective Comics. C'est aussi le comics à la plus grande longévité puisqu'il est toujours publié aux États-Unis en 2011. Cependant, à l'occasion de la recréation de l'univers DC après les évènements racontés dans la minisérie Flashpoint, Detective Comics a commencé une nouvelle numérotation en septembre 2011. À l'origine le comics publiait diverses histoires, principalement de détectives (genre le plus populaire de l'époque). Le premier numéro comportait des histoires avec les personnages « Ching Lung » (un méchant oriental dans le style Fu Manchu), Slam Bradley (créé par Jerry Siegel et Joe Shuster), et Speed Saunders, parmi d'autres. La gloire de Detective Comics fut assurée lors des débuts en ses pages de Batman (appelé tout d'abord « The Bat-Man ») dans le numéro #27 (le numéro de Mai 1939, publié en mars 1939). Il devint le héros principal de la publication. Des exemplaires en bon état de ce numéro ont atteint les valeurs de 80 000 $ en 1992 et 300 000 $ en 2003, d'après Stephen Fishler. Le compagnon de Batman, Robin, fit ses débuts dans le numéro #38 (d'avril 1940). Son apparence (et les ventes croissantes du périodique) conduisirent rapidement à l'essor des justiciers costumés et leurs jeunes compagnons dans les comics de cette époque. En plus des aventures de Batman, Detective Comics publia aussi Martian Manhunter (apparu dans une histoire complémentaire (back-up) de Detective Comics #225 en 1955). À la fin des années 1970s, il ajouta des séries dérivées comme Robin: the Teen Wonder, Batgirl (apparue dans Detective Comics #359 en 1967), The Human Target et les anthologies Tales of Gotham City (des histoires d'habitants ordinaires de Gotham City). @fr
definition: Detective Comics es un comic book publicado por DC Comics desde 1937. Es, junto con Action Comics (donde apareció por primera vez Superman), uno de los títulos más conocidos de la empresa; de hecho, el nombre de ésta (DC) proviene de Detective Comics. Con más de 800 números es el comic book de más larga publicación continua en EE. UU. Mantiene, como en sus orígenes, una periodicidad mensual. En este comic book hicieron su aparición decenas de superhéroes, siendo el más reconocido Batman, en Detective Comics #27, de mayo de 1939. El 26 de febrero de 2010, un coleccionista anónimo, pagó $1.075.000 dólares (789.077 euros) por este número 27, tratándose de una de las cantidades más altas pagadas por un comic book hasta el momento. @es
definition: Detective Comics is de naam van de comicreeks waarin een personage genaamd Batman in 1939 voor de allereerste keer opdook. Bedenker Bob Kane introduceerde Vleermuisman, zoals hij in Nederland eerst genoemd werd, in deel 27. De serie loopt anno 2016 nog steeds. Behalve Batman zagen ook veel van de personages die tegenwoordig de cast vormen van de vele Batmancomics, -films, -series en tekenfilms in Detective Comics voor het eerst het levenslicht. Bijvoorbeeld Robin (in deel 38), Penguin (deel 58), Two-Face (deel 66), en de Riddler (deel 140). Mits in goede staat, zijn deze delen van Detective Comics tegenwoordig voor veel speculanten en verzamelaars vele duizenden dollars waard. Detective Comics 27 is de op-één-na meest waardevolle comic ter wereld, na Action Comics 1. @nl
derived from: Detective Comics
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms d.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

DEVOTIONAL
type: literary genre
label: devotional
label: dévotional @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Christian devotional literature (also called devotionals or Christian living literature) is religious writing that is neither doctrinal nor theological, but designed for individuals to read for their personal edification and spiritual formation. Theologian Karl Holl has suggested that devotional literature came into full development at the time of Pietism during the second half of the 17th century.
definition: Der Begriff Erbauungsliteratur, der erstmals um das 14. Jahrhundert erwähnt wird, beschreibt ursprünglich volksnahe Schriften mit religiöser Motivation. Bei der Erbauungsliteratur handelt es sich nicht um theologische Literatur, da sie keine wissenschaftlichen Diskurse verfolgt und keine dogmatischen Absichten besitzt. Vielmehr war mit den Veränderungen der Neuzeit eine Konzentration auf die Innerlichkeit zu verzeichnen, die sich im Bereich der Religion in der Beobachtung der Frömmigkeit Gestalt schuf. Es handelte sich um eine Anleitung für ein tugendhaftes Leben, die emotional den Geist erbauen sollte. Eine Wurzel hat die Erbauungsliteratur in der Heiligenlegende. Weitere Formen sind Andachtsbuch, Gebetbuch, Stundenbuch oder Sammlungen von Predigten. Erbauungsliteratur war jahrhundertelang weit verbreitet, einzelne Ausgaben wurden sogar über Konfessionsgrenzen hinweg gelesen. Sie trat anfänglich auf in Gestalt religiöser Biografien oder Bekehrungsgeschichten, aber auch in Gestalt von Kirchenliedern, die nicht selten zu diesem Zweck geschaffen wurden. Das 17. Jahrhundert schuf zahlreiche literarisch bedeutende Schriften von bekannten Barockdichtern wie Johann Arndt, Johann Michael Dilherr, Jeremias Drexel, Paul Gerhardt, Johannes Lassenius, Joachim Meichel, Martin Moller, Heinrich Müller und Christian Scriver. Aufgrund der bewussten Schlichtheit der Inhalte wurde der Begriff in späterer Zeit auch negativ wertend gebraucht. Im 19. Jahrhundert verstand man deshalb unter Erbauungsliteratur auch kitschige oder einfältige Literatur. Mit der Industrialisierung des Buchdrucks erwuchs zunächst in den 100.000-fach vertriebenen erbaulichen Traktaten eine eigene Literaturform. Begonnen mit den im angelsächsischen Bereich entstehenden Traktatgesellschaften, verbunden mit dem Aufkommen des Kolportagehandels setzte sich diese Vertriebsform rasch im gesamten europäischen Raum durch. Bahnbrecher des Vertriebs von Erbauungsliteratur im deutschsprachigen Raum waren damals u.a. das Ha… @de
derived from: Christian devotional literature
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

DIALOGUEOFTHEDEAD
type: literary genre
label: dialogue of the dead
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

DIALOGUEORDEBATE
type: literary genre
label: dialogue or debate
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

DIARY
type: literary genre
label: diary
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Refers to books containing the daily, personal accounts of the writer's own experiences, attitudes, and observations. Use "journals (accounts)" when referring to an individual's or an organization's account of occurrences or transactions.
definition: Úsese para libros que contienen los relatos personales diarios de las experiencias, actitudes y observaciones del escritor. Use "jornal (cuenta)" para referirse al relato de los acontecimientos o transacciones de un individuo u organización. @es
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor boeken die het dagelijkse, persoonlijke verslag bevatten van de eigen ervaringen, standpunten en observaties van de schrijver. Gebruik `journalen (verslagen)' wanneer het gaat om het verslag van de activiteiten of de transacties van personen of organisaties. @nl
definition: 指內含筆者每日自身經驗、態度，與觀察之個人記述的本子。記述個人或組織所發生的事件或業務進行時，稱為「日誌（記述）」。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300027112
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Refers to books containing the daily, personal accounts of the writer's own experiences, attitudes, and observations. Use "journals (accounts)" when referring to an individual's or an organization's account of occurrences or transactions. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Úsese para libros que contienen los relatos personales diarios de las experiencias, actitudes y observaciones del escritor. Use "jornal (cuenta)" para referirse al relato de los acontecimientos o transacciones de un individuo u organización. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor boeken die het dagelijkse, persoonlijke verslag bevatten van de eigen ervaringen, standpunten en observaties van de schrijver. Gebruik `journalen (verslagen)' wanneer het gaat om het verslag van de activiteiten of de transacties van personen of organisaties. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 指內含筆者每日自身經驗、態度，與觀察之個人記述的本子。記述個人或組織所發生的事件或業務進行時，稱為「日誌（記述）」。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
definition: An informal record of a person's private life and day-to-day thoughts and concerns. Conventionally, daily entries take epistolary form with the introductory phrase, "Dear Diary." Since the subject-matter is so intimate, the authors of diaries usually do not intend for their contents to be published--though many famous ones have been published posthumously--including the diary of Sameul Pepys (complete with all his sexual indiscretions) or the diary of William Bird. Other important diaries include those of George Fox, John Wesley, and Fanny Burney in England, and (in America) Sarah K. Knight. Contrast with memoir and autobiography.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms d.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

DICTIONARY
type: literary genre
label: dictionary
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Library catalog in which the entries are arranged in a single alphabetical sequence, regardless of their type, so that authors, titles, and other indexing terms are all alphabetized together alphabetically instead of in separate groupings by type.
definition: Bibliothekskatalog, in dem die Einträge in einer einzigen alphabetischen Folge verzeichnet sind, ohne Berücksichtigung ihres Typs, so dass Autoren, Titel und andere Indexierungsstichworte zusammenhängend alphabetisch geordnet werden, anstatt sie je nach Typ getrennt zu gruppieren. @de
definition: 所有資料皆依照單一字母順序排列的圖書館目錄，不管是作者、書名或任何可據以分類的索引詞彙，不依類型區分，一律按照字母順序混合編列。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026631
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Reference sources containing alphabetical lists of words with information given for each word; generally including meanings, pronunciation, etymology, and often usage guidance. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Fuentes referenciales que contiene listas alfabéticas de palabras con información proporcionada para cada una; generalmente incluyendo significados, pronunciación, etimología y a menudo orientando su uso. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Naslagwerken die alfabetisch gerangschikte lijsten woorden omvatten met daarbij informatie over ieder weergegeven woord. Meestal geven ze betekenis, uitspraak en etymologie, en bevatten ook informatie over het gebruik van een woord. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026186

DIDACTIC
type: literary genre
label: didactic
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms d.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

DIRECTORY
type: literary genre
label: directory
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Enumerations of names, addresses, and other data about specific groups of persons or organizations; may appear in alphabetic or graphic format. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Enumeraciones de nombres, direcciones y otras informaciones acerca de un grupo específico de personas u organizaciones; puede aparecer en formato alfabético o gráfico. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Opsommingen van namen, adressen en andere gegevens van specifieke groepen personen of organisaties; komen voor in alfabetische of grafische vorm. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 特定群體或組織之姓名、地址，與其他資料的細目；可能依字母順序或圖像格式出現。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026234
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

DISSERTATION
type: literary genre
label: dissertation
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

DOCUMENTARY
type: literary genre
label: documentary
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

DOMESTIC
type: literary genre
label: domestic
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Domestic realism normally refers to the genre of nineteenth-century novels popular with women readers. This body of writing is also known as "sentimental fiction" or "woman's fiction". The genre is mainly reflected in the novel though short-stories and non-fiction works such as Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Our Country Neighbors" and The New Housekeeper's Manual written by Stowe and her sister-in-law Catharine Beecher are works of domestic realism. The style's particular characteristics are: "1. Plot focuses on a heroine who embodies one of two types of exemplar: the angel and the practical woman (Reynolds) who sometimes exist in the same work. Baym says that this heroine is contrasted with the passive woman (incompetent, cowardly, ignorant; often the heroine's mother is this type) and the "belle," who is deprived of a proper education. 2. The heroine struggles for self-mastery, learning the pain of conquering her own passions (Tompkins, Sensational Designs, 172). 3. The heroine learns to balance society's demands for self-denial with her own desire for autonomy, a struggle often addressed in terms of religion. 4. She suffers at the hands of abusers of power before establishing a network of surrogate kin. 5. The plots "repeatedly identify immersion in feeling as one of the great temptations and dangers for a developing woman. They show that feeling must be controlled. . . " (Baym 25). Frances Cogan notes that the heroines thus undergo a full education within which to realize feminine obligations (The All-American Girl). 6. The tales generally end with marriage, usually one of two possible kinds: A. Reforming the bad or "wild" male, as in Augusta Evans's St. Elmo (1867) B. Marrying the solid male who already meets her qualifications.Examples: Maria Cummins, The Lamplighter (1854) and Susan Warner, The Wide, Wide World (1850) 7. The novels may use a "language of tears" that evokes sympathy from the readers. 8. Richard Brodhead (Cultures of Letters) sees class as an importa…
derived from: Domestic realism
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

DRAMA
type: literary genre
label: drama
label: drame @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A composition in prose or verse presenting, in pantomime and dialogue, a narrative involving conflict between a character or characters and some external or internal force (see conflict). Playwrights usually design dramas for presentation on a stage in front of an audience. Aristotle called drama "imitated human action." Drama may have originated in religious ceremonies. Thespis of Attica (sixth century BCE) was the first recorded composer of a tragedy. Tragedies in their earliest stage were performed by a single actor who interacted with the chorus. The playwright Aeschylus added a second actor on the stage (deuteragonist) to allow additional conflict and dialogue. Sophocles and Euripides added a third (tritagonist). Medieval drama may have evolved independently from rites commemorating the birth and death of Christ. During the late medieval period and the early Renaissance, drama gradually altered to the form we know today. The mid-sixteenth century in England in particular was one of the greatest periods of world drama. In traditional Greek drama, as defined by Aristotle, a play was to consist of five acts and follow the three dramatic unities. In more recent drama (i.e., during the last two centuries), plays have frequently consisted of three acts, and playwrights have felt more comfortable disregarding the confines of Aristotelian rules involving verisimilitude. See also unities, comedy, tragedy, revenge play, miracle play, morality play, and mystery play. An individual work of drama is called a play. DRAMATIC CONVENTION: See convention. DRAMATIC IRONY: See irony. DRAMATICDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms d.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

DRAMATICMONOLOGUE
type: literary genre
label: dramatic monologue
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Dramatic monologue, also known as a persona poem, is a type of poetry written in the form of a speech of an individual character. M.H. Abrams notes the following three features of the dramatic monologue as it applies to poetry
definition: Un monologue dramatique est en France, à la fin du Moyen Âge, un type de poème comique à vocation scénique. À l’instar des jongleurs, l’acteur seul en scène incarnait plusieurs personnages stéréotypés. Il est considéré comme un des quatre grands genres comiques de la fin du Moyen Âge avec la sotie, le sermon joyeux et la farce. Dans l'Angleterre du XIXe siècle, le terme monologue dramatique (dramatic mononologue) désignait un type de poème, fort apprécié par de nombreux poètes de l'époque victorienne, dans lequel un personnage, de fiction ou historique, exprime ses sentiments, ses actions ou ses motifs dans un monologue. Celui-ci, dont les paroles sont souvent influencées par le contexte critique dans lequel elles sont prononcées, s'adresse en général à un auditoire silencieux.Des exemples de monologues dramatiques sont My Last Duchess de Robert Browning, The Captain of the 1984 Top of the Form Team de Carol Ann Duffy, ou encore Lady Lazarus de Sylvia Plath. @fr
definition: El monólogo dramático puede ser dos cosas: @es
derived from: Dramatic monologue
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

DREAMVISION
type: literary genre
label: dreamvision
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

DYSTOPIA
type: literary genre
label: dystopia
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: (from Greek, dys topos, "bad place"): The opposite of a utopia, a dystopia is an imaginary society in fictional writing that represents, as M. H. Abrams puts it, "a very unpleasant imaginary world in which ominous tendencies of our present social, political, and technological order are projected in some disastrous future culmination" (Glossary 218). For instance, while a utopia presents readers with a place where all the citizens are happy and ruled by a virtuous, efficient, rational government, a dystopia presents readers with a world where all citizens are universally unhappy, manipulated, and repressed by a sinister, sadistic totalitarian state. This government exists at best to further its own power and at worst seeks actively to destroy its own citizens' creativity, health, and happiness. Examples of fictional dystopias include Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, George Orwell's 1984, Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, and Ursula Le Guin's The Dispossessed.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms d.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ECLOGUE
type: literary genre
label: eclogue
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: An eclogue is a poem in a classical style on a pastoral subject. Poems in the genre are sometimes also called bucolics.
definition: Une églogue est un poème de style classique consacré à un sujet pastoral. Les poèmes de ce genre littéraire sont parfois qualifiés de « bucoliques ». @fr
definition: Die Ekloge (griechisch ἐκλογή eklogḗ „Auswahl“ oder „Wahl“, latinisiert ecloga) ist ein Begriff aus der antiken Literatur. Die Grundbedeutung ist „Auswahl“, das heißt „das Ausgewählte“. Gemeint ist ursprünglich ein ausgewähltes Stück (Auszug, Zitat) aus einem längeren literarischen Text oder ein einzelnes Gedicht von mäßiger Länge, das aus einer Sammlung von Gedichten oder aus dem Werk eines Dichters herausgegriffen wurde. Der Begriff Ekloge bezeichnet im eigentlichen Wortsinn ein „ausgewähltes“ Gedicht, wurde aber im Humanismus als Gattungsbezeichnung missverstanden. Im Plural bezeichnet eclogae in der römischen Lyrik ursprünglich nur „ausgewählte“ Gedichte, in späterem Sprachgebrauch sind gewöhnlich ländliche oder Hirtengedichte (bukolische Dichtung) gemeint. Daher wird der Begriff Ekloge oft als Synonym von „bukolisches Gedicht“ verwendet. Die bekanntesten Gedichte, für die heute die Bezeichnung Eklogen (Eclogae) gängig ist, sind die Eclogae (oder auch Bucolica) von Vergil. Bereits im 1. Jahrhundert bezeichnet Statius einzelne Gedichte aus seinen Silvae mit dem Ausdruck egloga; er ist der erste römische Dichter, der den Begriff für seine eigenen Werke verwendet. In der deutschen Literatur waren bis ins 18. Jahrhundert Ekloge, Schäfer- bzw. Hirtengedicht und Idylle synonym verwendete Begriffe und bezeichneten lyrisch-dramatische Hirtengesänge oder allgemein kürzere Hirtendichtung, siehe etwa Georg Rodolf Weckherlin Eclogen oder Hürtengedichte (1641) oder Johann Christoph Gottscheds Von Idyllen, Eklogen oder Schäfergedichten (in Critische Dichtkunst, 1730).Durch den Erfolg von Salomon Gessners Idyllen (1756) wurde aber Idylle der gebräuchliche Begriff für diese Gattung. @de
definition: La égloga es un subgénero de la poesía lírica que se dialoga a veces como una pequeña pieza teatral en un acto. De tema amoroso, uno o varios pastores lo desarrollan contándolo en un ambiente campesino donde la naturaleza es paradisíaca y tiene un gran protagonismo la música. Como subgénero lírico se desarrolla a veces mediante un monólogo pastoril o, más frecuentemente, con un diálogo. La égloga es una composición en la que el poeta, encarnado en uno o varios pastores, expresa su amor en un marco idealizado, lleno de belleza y amor. Las primeras églogas fueron los Idilios (en griego, "poemitas" o "pequeños cantos") de Teócrito; luego los escribieron Mosco, Bión de Esmirna y otros autores bajo su influencia. El escritor latino Virgilio (siglo I a. C.) con sus Églogas (en griego, "selecciones") o Bucólicas añadió elementos autobiográficos, haciendo de cada pastor un personaje imaginario que encubría a un personaje real: Cayo Cilnio Mecenas, Augusto, etc. Algunas de ellas llegaron a escenificarse en Roma. Otros autores latinos escribieron también églogas, como Nemesiano, Calpurnio Sículo o Ausonio. Esta innovación pasó a la bucólica posterior, de forma que algunas veces los personajes de las églogas representaban personajes reales. A través de Giovanni Boccaccio y con el Renacimiento y la Arcadia de Jacopo Sannazaro el género se volvió a recuperar mezclándose las composiciones en verso en un marco narrativo en prosa, y se difundió por todo el mundo occidental, bien en verso, bien como églogas intercaladas en una novela pastoril cualquiera. En la literatura castellana, escribieron églogas Juan del Encina, Lucas Fernández, Garcilaso de la Vega, Juan Boscán, Lope de Vega, Pedro Soto de Rojas, Bernardo de Balbuena y Juan Meléndez Valdés. @es
definition: Ecloge – ook wel: ekloge (Griekse spelling) en ecloga (Latijnse spelling) - is een benaming voor een herdersdicht en maakt deel uit van de bucolische poëzie. Het woord ecloge kennen we vooral van de tien herdersdichten (Bucolica) die Vergilius in 38 v.Chr. publiceerde en die doorgaans Eclogae worden genoemd. Het uit het Grieks afkomstige woord ekloge (ἑκλογή) betekent eigenlijk ‘keus’. Het is waarschijnlijk dat Vergilius niet zelf de naam ecloga gebruikte, maar dat die door latere grammatici aan zijn gedichten is gegeven. De Eclogae of Eclogen van Vergilius zijn tien herdersdichten, die Vergilius dichtte naar het voorbeeld van Theocritus, de uitvinder van het herdersdicht. Ze zijn geschreven in dactylische hexameters en variëren in lengte van 63 tot 111 regels. De meeste zijn gesprekken tussen herders. Sinds Vergilius is de naam ecloge een algemeen gebruikte naam voor dit soort gedichten. We kennen verder zeven eclogen die ene Calpurnius Siculus schreef in de tijd van Nero, en van de derde-eeuwse dichter Nemesianus zijn vier eclogen overgeleverd. Zeer invloedrijk werd in later eeuwen Vergilius’ vierde ecloge, waarin de komst van een bijzonder kind wordt aangekondigd die een nieuwe tijd zal inluiden. Dit werd al snel uitgelegd als een aankondiging van de geboorte van Christus. In de middeleeuwse Latijnse literatuur werd het genre van het herdersdicht niet altijd begrepen. Zo schreef bisschop Radboud ca. 900 een Ecloga pro St. Lebuino, waarin hij de kerstenende activiteiten van Lebuïnus beschrijft. In de Neolatijnse literatuur werd het genre van de ecloga veel beoefend. Het woord werd door de neolatinisten ook wel gespeld als (a)egloga, omdat men dacht dat het verwant was met αἱγ- (aeg), het Griekse woord voor ‘geit’. Geleidelijk ontstonden er enkele varianten op het genre. Zo schreef Iacopo Sannazaro (1458-1530) vijf Eclogae piscatoriae, waarin hij de herders verving door vissers, en schreef de Franse jezuïet René Rapin christelijke eclogen: Eclogae Sacrae (1659). @nl
derived from: Eclogue
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: (Greek "selection"): A short poem or short section of a longer poem in the form of a dialogue or soliloquy--especially one with pastoral elements. The term was first applied to Virgil's pastoral poems, but the term covers Renaissance imitators as well. Examples include Spenser's The Shepheard's Calendar (1579). After the 1700s, the term increasingly came to mean any poem having the structural form of the earlier eclogues--even works that were not pastoral. Examples of these eclogues include Swift's A Town Eclogue, Frost's Build Soil, or W. H. Auden's The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue. The term should not be confused with epilogue, below.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms e.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ELEGY
type: literary genre
label: elegy
label: élégie @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poems, especially funeral songs or laments for the dead.
definition: Poemas tristes, melancólicos o quejumbrosos, especialmente cantos fúnebres o lamentos por los muertos. @es
definition: Sombere, melancholieke of treurige gedichten, met name klaagliederen of liederen die bij een begrafenisplechtigheid ten gehore worden gebracht. @nl
definition: Schwermütiges, melancholisches oder trauriges Gedicht, insbesondere Begräbnislied oder Totenklage. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026285
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: L’élégie (en grec ancien ἐλεγεία / elegeía, signifiant « chant de mort ») fut une forme de poème dans l'Antiquité, avant de devenir un genre poétique à partir de la Renaissance. Dans l’Antiquité, était appelé « élégie » tout poème alternant hexamètres et pentamètres en distiques : ce sont les vers élégiaques. De nos jours, l’élégie est considérée comme un genre au sein de la poésie lyrique, en tant que poème de longueur et de forme variables caractérisé par son ton plaintif particulièrement adapté à l’évocation d’un mort ou à l’expression d’une souffrance amoureuse due à un abandon ou à une absence. @fr
derived from: Elegy
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: In classical Greco-Roman literature, "elegy" refers to any poem written in elegiac meter (alternating hexameter and pentameter lines). More broadly, elegy came to mean any poem dealing with the subject-matter common to the early Greco-Roman elegies--complaints about love, sustained formal lamentation, or somber meditations. Typically, elegies are marked by several conventions of genre: Readers will note that at the end of each line, the reader finds a punctuation mark that indicates a pause in speech or a break in grammatical structure. The sentence-structure has been deliberately designed to fall naturally with the end of each line. Contrast this technique with enjambement, below.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms e.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA
type: literary genre
label: encyclopaedia
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Books, set of books, or disks, containing informational articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, or limited to a special field or subject, usually arranged in alphabetical order. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300129439
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

EPIC
type: literary genre
label: epic
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Meaning extended from "epic poetry," in modern usage refers to literary art forms, such as prose, poetry, plays, films, and other works where the story has a theme of grandeur and heroism.
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404209
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Meaning extended from "epic poetry," in modern usage refers to literary art forms, such as prose, poetry, plays, films, and other works where the story has a theme of grandeur and heroism. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: An epic in its most specific sense is a genre of classical poetry. It is a poem that is (a) a long narrative about a serious subject, (b) told in an elevated style of language, (c) focused on the exploits of a hero or demi-god who represents the cultural values of a race, nation, or religious group (d) in which the hero's success or failure will determine the fate of that people or nation. Usually, the epic has (e) a vast setting; it covers a wide geographic area, (f) it contains superhuman feats of strength or military prowess, and gods or supernatural beings frequently take part in the action. The poem begins with (g) the invocation of a muse to inspire the poet and, (h) the narrative starts in medias res (see above). (i) The epic contains long catalogs of heroes or important characters, focusing on highborn kings and great warriors rather than peasants and commoners.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms e.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

EPIGRAM
type: literary genre
label: epigram
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Refers to short satiric poems or any similar pointed sayings.
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor korte, satirische gedichten of vergelijkbare puntige gezegdes. @nl
definition: Úsese para poemas satíricos cortos u otros refranes mordaces similares. @es
definition: Bezeichnet ein kurzes satirisches Gedicht oder jede ähnlich pointierte Redensart. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202533
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: À l’origine, une épigramme, du grec ancien ἐπίγραμμα (epígramma), « inscription », est une inscription, d’abord en prose, puis en vers, qu’on gravait sur les monuments, les statues, les tombeaux et les trophées, pour perpétuer le souvenir d’un héros ou d’un événement. À partir du IVe siècleav. J.-C., l’épigramme devient une petite pièce de poésie sur un sujet quelconque, imitant par sa brièveté les inscriptions, offrant une pensée ingénieuse ou délicate exprimée avec grâce et précision. Enfin, à partir du XVIe siècle, le genre se spécialise dans le mot d’esprit : l’épigramme renferme généralement une pointe grivoise ou assassine. Les plus anciennes épigrammes ne revêtent qu'un caractère pratique, visant à identifier le propriétaire ou la personne dédiant l’objet. Le premier auteur d’épigrammes, selon la tradition grecque, est Simonide de Céos (Hérodote, VII, 228, 4), qui vit à la fin du VIe siècleav. J.-C. C'est de cette même époque que date la première épigramme signée connue ; il s'agit d’une dédicace d’Ion de Chios à Delphes. @fr
derived from: Epigram
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Refers to short satiric poems or any similar pointed sayings. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Bezeichnet ein kurzes satirisches Gedicht oder jede ähnlich pointierte Redensart. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Úsese para poemas satíricos cortos u otros refranes mordaces similares. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor korte, satirische gedichten of vergelijkbare puntige gezegdes. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: (from Greek epigramma "an inscription"): (1) An inscription in verse or prose on a building, tomb, or coin. (2) a short verse or motto appearing at the beginning of a longer poem or the title page of a novel, at the heading of a new section or paragraph of an essay or other literary work to establish mood or raise thematic concerns. The opening epigram to Edgar Allan Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher" is one such example. (3) A short, humorous poem, often written in couplets, that makes a satiric point. Coleridge once described this third type of epigram using an epigram himself: "A dwarfish whole, / Its body brevity, / and wit its soul."Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms e.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

EPILOGUE
type: literary genre
label: epilogue
label: épilogue @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A conclusion added to a literary work such as a novel, play, or long poem. It is the opposite of a prologue. Often, the epilogue refers to the moral of a fable. Sometimes, it is a speech made by one of the actors at the end of a play asking for the indulgence of the critics and the audience. Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream contains one of the most famous epilogues. Contrast with prologue. Do not confuse the term with eclogue.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms e.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

EPISTLE
type: literary genre
label: epistle
label: épître> @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Literary genre taking the form of letters, usually of a literary, formal, or public nature. Examples are the epistles in the Biblical New Testament.
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404697
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Le terme épître, issu du latin epistula, du grec επιστολη (epistolē), désigne une lettre (au sens de correspondance).Il a pris le sens aujourd'hui d'un court traité philosophique ou religieux exposé sous forme épistolaire. Ce sont de courts traités le plus souvent philosophiques. Ce peuvent être aussi des « conversations en l'absence » de l'interlocuteur sur des aspects sociaux ou moraux de l'existence. Au fil du temps, l’épître devient, en littérature, un discours en vers du genre académique ou didactique. Elle prend rapidement le sens d’épigramme nettement moins acerbe que la satire.Le mot « épître » est un nom commun féminin. Le Nouveau Testament contient plusieurs épîtres. @fr
definition: Epistel (griech. ἐπιστολή, epistolē; lat. epistola, epistula) ist ein über das Lateinische aus dem Griechischen entlehntes Wort für „Brief“, das für Brieftexte gehobenen Anspruchs (Sendschreiben, Versepistel) verwendet wird, insbesondere für die Apostelbriefe der Bibel. Als liturgische Kurzbezeichnung bezieht sich der Begriff auf bestimmte im Gottesdienst zu lesende Abschnitte der Bibel. @de
definition: Epístola (del griego: ἐπιστολή, epistolē) es un sinónimo de carta: un texto cuya función principal es la comunicación entre el remitente o emisor (el escritor que la redacta y envía) y el destinatario o receptor que la debe recibir. El uso del término suele implicar un registro culto o un contexto literario (el género epistolar). En la actualidad es un término arcaico, por lo general restringido en su uso a las cartas didáctica sobre ética o religión; y particularmente para referirse a los libros del Nuevo Testamento que reciben el nombre de "epístolas", y donde se recogen las escritas por algunos apóstoles destinadas a las comunidades cristianas primitivas. Las tradicionalmente atribuidas a Pablo de Tarso se conocen como "epístolas paulinas" y el resto con el nombre genérico de "epístolas católicas" (es decir, "universales" o "generales"). El género epistolar fue común en el Antiguo Egipto como parte del trabajo de los escribas, y están recogidas bajo el nombre de Sebayt (instrucciones), estando datadas las más antiguas en el siglo XXV a. C. También nos han llegado de la Antigüedad las Epístolas de Horacio, del siglo I a. C. Una de ellas, Epistula ad Pisones, recibe el nombre de Arte poética, y ha sido durante siglos considerada como la normativa de principios literarios. @es
definition: Een epistel is een schrijven gericht aan een persoon of een groep personen, meestal in de vorm van een erg formele brief, vaak didactisch van aard en elegant geformuleerd. De brieven van de apostelen aan verscheidene joodse gemeenschappen in de wereld, opgenomen in het Nieuwe Testament, worden vaak epistels genoemd. @nl
derived from: Epistle
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Literary genre taking the form of letters, usually of a literary, formal, or public nature. Examples are the epistles in the Biblical New Testament. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: (1) A poem addressed to a patron, friend, or family member, thus a kind of "letter" in verse. (2) An actual prose letter sent to another. (3) A distinct part or section of such a poem or letter.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms e.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

EPISTOLARY
type: literary genre
label: epistolary
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Novels written by using the device of a series of letters, diary entries, newspaper clippings, or other documents.
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300410324
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Briefgedicht ist eine Sammelbezeichnung für alle Arten von in Gedichtform verfassten echten oder fingierten Briefen. Beispiele für Briefgedichte reichen bis in die Antike zurück, am bekanntesten sind Ovids Heroides, in elegischen Distichen verfasste fingierte Briefe mythologischer Frauen an ihre männlichen Partner, in denen sie sich über Vernachlässigung und/oder schlechte Behandlung beklagen, sowie die in Hexametern verfassten Epistulae des Horaz. Aus dem Mittelalter sind spezielle Formen der Minnebrief, ein in Reimpaaren verfasster Liebesgruß an die Geliebte und im Frankreich der Trobadore der Salut d’amour.Im Barock wird von Hofmannswaldau die Ovidsche Form wieder aufgenommen (Helden-Briefe 1664), weitere Beispiele finden sich im französischen Rokoko und der deutschen Anakreontik bei Goeckingk, Gleim, Rabener und Wieland. In der Weimarer Klassik sind die Briefgedichte Goethes an Frau von Stein, Augusta zu Stolberg, Marianne von Willemer und Bettina Brentano die bedeutendsten Beispiele der Gattung in der deutschen Literatur und zugleich Muster einer Gelegenheitsdichtung auf hohem Niveau. Als Beispiel Goethes Gedicht an Charlotte von Stein: Nach der Klassik finden sich vereinzelt Briefgedichte bei Heinrich Heine, Clemens Brentano, Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, Theodor Fontane, Detlev von Liliencron, Rainer Maria Rilke (Briefwechsel mit Erika Mitterer) und Joachim Ringelnatz. In der französischen Literatur finden sich Briefgedichte bei Clément Marot und in der englischen unter anderem bei John Donne, John Dryden, Alexander Pope und John Keats. @de
derived from: Epistolary poem
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Taking the form of a letter, or actually consisting of a letter written to another. For instance, several books in the New Testament written by Saint Paul are epistolary--they were originally letters written to newly founded Christian churches. Sometimes, novelists will write an epistolary novel, in which the story is unveiled as a series of letters between the characters. Some examples include C. S. Lewis's Screwtape Letters, Richardson's Pamela (1740), Fanny Burney's Evelina, Rousseau's La Nouvelle Héloïse, HannahDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms e.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

EPITAPH
type: literary genre
label: epitaph
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Inscriptions on sepulchral monuments in the memory of those buried in the tomb or grave.
definition: Inscripciones en mausoleos en memoria de quienes se encuentran enterrados en la tumba o sepulcro. @es
definition: Inscripties op grafmonumenten ter nagedachtenis aan personen die in het betreffende graf of de betreffende tombe zijn begraven. @nl
definition: Inschrift auf einem Grabmal in Erinnerung an die in der Grabstätte Beerdigten. @de
definition: 墓碑上的銘文，以紀念埋葬於墳地或墓穴者。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300028729
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Inscriptions on sepulchral monuments in the memory of those buried in the tomb or grave. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Inschrift auf einem Grabmal in Erinnerung an die in der Grabstätte Beerdigten. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Inscripties op grafmonumenten ter nagedachtenis aan personen die in het betreffende graf of de betreffende tombe zijn begraven. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Inscripciones en mausoleos en memoria de quienes se encuentran enterrados en la tumba o sepulcro. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 墓碑上的銘文，以紀念埋葬於墳地或墓穴者。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
definition: Not to be confused with epithet or epigram, an epitaph refers literally to an inscription carved on a gravestone, aka, cenotaph. In a more general sense, an epitaph is the final statement spoken by a character before his death. In many of Shakespeare's plays, it is common for the last words a character speaks to come true, especially if he utters a curse. Shakespeare's own epitaph in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon is rather famous: GOOD FRENDDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms e.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

EPITHALAMIUM
type: literary genre
label: epithalamium
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: An epithalamiumLatin form of Greek ἐπιθαλάμιον epithalamion from ἐπί epi "upon," and θάλαμος thalamos nuptial chamber) is a poem written specifically for the bride on the way to her marital chamber. This form continued in popularity through the history of the classical world; the Roman poet Catullus wrote a famous epithalamium, which was translated from or at least inspired by a now-lost work of Sappho. According to Origen, Song of Songs, might be an epithalamium on the marriage of Solomon with Pharaoh’s daughter.
definition: L'épithalame (en grec ancien ἐπιθαλάμιον / epithalámion) est une sorte de poème lyrique composé chez les Anciens à l'occasion d'un mariage et à la louange des nouveaux époux. En Grèce, il était chanté par un chœur, soit de jeunes vierges seules, soit de jeunes filles[réf. nécessaire] et de jeunes garçons, avec accompagnement de danses. On le nommait aussi catakoemèse (de catakoimân, envoyer dormir). @fr
definition: Ein Epithalamion (von griech. έπί epi bei und ϑάλαμος thálamos Schlafgemach; lat. epithalamium; dt. Hochzeitsgedicht, Brautlied; Plural: -ien) ist ein üblicherweise pastorales Gelegenheitsgedicht, verfasst und meist chorisch vorgetragen zur Feier einer Hochzeit. @de
definition: El epitalamio es una poesía lírica, subgénero lírico griego imitado después por los romanos, consistente en un canto de boda. El nombre epitalamio es griego, compuesto sobre y tálamo (en griego θάλαμος) lecho nupcial. Se cantaba regularmente a la puerta de la habitación de los novios por coros de jóvenes y doncellas acompañados de flautas o de otros instrumentos suaves y armónicos. Entre quienes compusieron epitalamios en la antigüedad, se encuentra los poetas griegos Safo y Calímaco y el romano Catulo. @es
derived from: Epithalamium
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: The Latin term for an epithalamion. See above.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms e.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

EPYLLION
type: literary genre
label: epyllion
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Brief narrative poems in dactylic hexameter of ancient Greece, imitated by Romans and others. Usually dealing with mythological and romantic themes. They are characterized by lively description, miniaturistic attitude, scholarly allusion, and an elevated tone similar to that of the elegy.
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300410360
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

EROTICAPORNOGRAPHY
type: literary genre
label: erotica pornography
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

ESSAY
type: literary genre
label: essay
label: essai @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Short literary compositions on single subjects, often presenting the personal view of the author.
definition: Breves composiciones literarias sobre temas específicos, a menudo presentando el punto de vista personal del autor. @es
definition: Korte literaire verhandelingen over één onderwerp, waarin de auteur dikwijls een persoonlijk standpunt verwoordt. @nl
definition: Kurzer literarischer Aufsatz über ein Einzelthema, gibt häufig die persönliche Meinung des Autors wieder. @de
definition: 單一主題的簡短文學作品，常表述作者之個人觀點。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026291
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: En littérature, un essai est une œuvre de réflexion portant sur les sujets les plus divers et exposée de manière personnelle, voire subjective par l'auteur. Contrairement à l'étude, l'essai peut être polémique ou partisan. C'est un texte littéraire qui se prête bien à la réflexion philosophique, mais aussi à d'autres domaines : essais historiques, essais scientifiques, essais politiques, etc. L'auteur d’un essai est appelé « essayiste ». Le terme « essai » est dérivé du latin exagium, un poids ou appareil de mesure. @fr
derived from: Essay
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Short literary compositions on single subjects, often presenting the personal view of the author. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Kurzer literarischer Aufsatz über ein Einzelthema, gibt häufig die persönliche Meinung des Autors wieder. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Korte literaire verhandelingen over één onderwerp, waarin de auteur dikwijls een persoonlijk standpunt verwoordt. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Breves composiciones literarias sobre temas específicos, a menudo presentando el punto de vista personal del autor. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 單一主題的簡短文學作品，常表述作者之個人觀點。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant

EULOGY
type: literary genre
label: eulogy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A eulogy (from εὐλογία, eulogia, Classical Greek for "praise") is a speech or writing in praise of a person(s) or thing(s), especially one who recently died or retired or as a term of endearment. Eulogies may be given as part of funeral services. They take place in a funeral home during or after a wake. However, some denominations either discourage or do not permit eulogies at services to maintain respect for traditions. Eulogies can also praise people who are still alive. This normally takes place on special occasions like birthdays, office parties, retirement celebrations, etc. Eulogies should not be confused with elegies, which are poems written in tribute to the dead; nor with obituaries, which are published biographies recounting the lives of those who have recently died; nor with obsequies, which refer generally to the rituals surrounding funerals. Catholic priests are prohibited by the rubrics of the Mass from presenting a eulogy for the deceased in place of a homily during a funeral Mass. The modern use of the word eulogy was first documented in the 15th century and came from the Medieval Latin term “eulogium” (Merriam-Webster 2012). “Eulogium” at that time has since turned into the shorter “eulogy” of today. Eulogies are usually delivered by a family member or a close family friend in the case of a dead person. For a living eulogy given in such cases as a retirement, a senior colleague could perhaps deliver it. On occasions, eulogies are given to those who are severely ill or elderly in order to express words of love and gratitude before they die. Eulogies are not limited to merely people, however; Places or things can also be given eulogies (which anyone can deliver), but these are less common than those delivered to people, whether living or deceased.
definition: L’éloge (masculin du latin elogium, avec l’influence du grec εὐλογία) est un genre littéraire hérité de l'Antiquité, où il est très présent, qui consiste à vanter les mérites d'un individu ou d'une institution. Il s'agit d'un discours public ou donné comme tel, destiné à l'édification commune ; à cette fin, il recourt à l'exploitation des ressources du discours épidictique héritées de la rhétorique classique. Il existe plusieurs sortes d'éloges: @fr
definition: El encomio es un texto de alabanza en honor a algo o alguien. Junto a su opuesto, que es el vituperio, textos insultantes, compone el género epidíctico cuyo objetivo práctico es argumentar y que se incluye dentro de la retórica. Podía realizarse en lírica o prosa, según el tono deseado. El encomio era un importante ejercicio de oratoria. @es
definition: Een eulogie (uit het Grieks εὐλογία, letterlijk: goed woord) is een lofrede of lofdicht uitgesproken bij een speciale gelegenheid zoals een verjaardag. Het begrip moet niet verward worden met een elegie, die geschreven wordt als eerbetoon aan een overleden persoon. @nl
derived from: Eulogy
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Laudatory speeches or written tributes. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Discursos laudatorios u elogios escritos. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Lofredes of geschreven huldeblijken. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 讚頌的演說或書面表揚。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026294
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

EXHIBITIONCATALOGUE
type: literary genre
label: exhibition catalogue
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Publications that document the works displayed in an exhibition.
definition: Druckwerk, das die in einer Ausstellung gezeigten Werke dokumentiert. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026096
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Publications that document the works displayed in an exhibition. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Druckwerk, das die in einer Ausstellung gezeigten Werke dokumentiert. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de

FABLE
type: literary genre
label: fable
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Fictitious narratives usually with animals or inanimate objects as protagonists, intended to convey a hidden meaning regarding human conduct.
definition: Narraciones imaginarias que generalmente tienen como protagonistas a animales u objetos inanimados, destinadas a transmitir un mensaje oculto relativo a la conducta humana. @es
definition: Verzonnen verhalen, meestal met dieren of levenloze voorwerpen als hoofdpersonen, waarin gewoonlijk een boodschap met betrekking tot menselijk gedrag wordt verborgen. @nl
definition: Fiktionale Erzählung, deren Protagonisten in der Regel Tiere oder unbelebte Objekte sind, mit dem Ziel, unterschwellig menschliches Verhalten darzustellen. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055917
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Fictitious narratives usually with animals or inanimate objects as protagonists, intended to convey a hidden meaning regarding human conduct. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Fiktionale Erzählung, deren Protagonisten in der Regel Tiere oder unbelebte Objekte sind, mit dem Ziel, unterschwellig menschliches Verhalten darzustellen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Narraciones imaginarias que generalmente tienen como protagonistas a animales u objetos inanimados, destinadas a transmitir un mensaje oculto relativo a la conducta humana. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Verzonnen verhalen, meestal met dieren of levenloze voorwerpen als hoofdpersonen, waarin gewoonlijk een boodschap met betrekking tot menselijk gedrag wordt verborgen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: A brief story illustrating human tendencies through animal characters. Unlike the parables, fables often include talking animals or animated objects as the principal characters. The interaction of these animals or objects reveals general truths about human nature, i.e., a person can learn practical lessons from the fictional antics in a fable. However, unlike a parable, the lesson learned is not necessarily allegorical. Each animal is not necessarily a symbol for something else. Instead, the reader learns the lesson as an exemplum--an example of what one should or should not do. The sixth century (BCE) Greek writer Aesop is most credited as an author of fables, but Phaedrus and Babrius in the first century (CE) expanded on his works to produce the tales we know today. A famous collection of Indian fables was the Sanskrit Bidpai (circa 300 CE), and in the medieval period, Marie de France (c. 1200 CE) composed 102 fables in verse. After the 1600s, fables increasingly became common as a form of children's literature. See also allegory, beast fable, and parable. Click here for a PDF handout discussing the difference between fables and parables.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms f.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

FABLIAU
type: literary genre
label: fabliau
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: plural, fabliaux): A humorous, frequently ribald or "dirty" narrative popular with French poets, who traditionally wrote the story in octosyllabic couplets. The tales frequently revolve around trickery, practical jokes, sexual mishaps, scatology, mistaken identity, and bodily humor. Chaucer included several fabliaux in The Canterbury Tales, including the stories of the Shipman, the Friar, the Miller, the Reeve, and the Cook. Examples from French literature include Les Quatre Souhais Saint Martin, Audigier, and Beranger au Long Cul (Beranger of the Long Ass).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms f.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

FAIRYTALE
type: literary genre
label: fairytale
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Fairytale fantasy is distinguished from other subgenres of fantasy by the works' heavy use of motifs, and often plots, from folklore.
derived from: Fairytale fantasy
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Narratives set in the distant past recounting events impossible in the real world, often magical and with fairies, but with humans as heroes and heroines. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Erzählung, die in der entfernten Vergangenheit spielt und von Ereignissen berichtet, die nicht in der realen Welt geschehen, häufig mit magischen Elementen und Feen, aber mit menschlichen Helden und Heldinnen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Verhalen die zich afspelen in een ver verleden en waarin gebeurtenissen worden beschreven die in de echte wereld onmogelijk zouden kunnen plaatsvinden. Hoewel het vaak magische verhalen zijn waarin allerlei fantasiefiguren voorkomen, worden de hoofdrollen door mensen vertolkt. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Conjunto de narraciones situadas en el pasado distante que narran sucesos imposibles en el mundo real, a veces mágicos y con hadas, pero con seres humanos como héroes o heroínas. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 背景設定在遙遠的過去，敘述在真實世界不可能發生的故事。常有魔法與仙女，但男女主角為人類。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300185684
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

FANTASY
type: literary genre
label: fantasy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Literary genre in which works are of a whimsical or visionary nature, having suppositions that are speculation or resting on no solid grounds.
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300380290
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: La fantasy, ou fantasie (terme issu de l’anglais fantasy : « imagination » ; à ne pas confondre avec la fantaisie musicale, ni avec le terme allemand phantasie qui désigne le concept psychologique de fantasme), est un genre littéraire présentant un ou plusieurs éléments surnaturels qui relèvent souvent du mythe et qui sont souvent incarnés par l’irruption ou l’utilisation de la magie. La fantasy fait partie des littératures de l'imaginaire. Dans la fantasy comme dans le merveilleux, le surnaturel est généralement accepté, voire utilisé pour définir les règles d'un monde imaginaire, et n'est pas nécessairement objet de doute ou de peur. Cela distingue la fantasy du fantastique où le surnaturel fait intrusion dans les règles du monde habituel, et de l'horreur où il suscite peur et angoisse. Par extension, à partir du genre littéraire, on parle aussi de fantasy à propos d'illustrations, de bandes dessinées, de films, de jeux, etc. @fr
definition: Fantasy (von engl. fantasy „Phantasie“) ist ein Genre der Phantastik, dessen Wurzeln sich in der Mythologie und den Sagen finden. Ähnlich wie die benachbarten Genres Science-Fiction und Horror, findet Fantasy ihre wichtigsten Ausprägungen in Literatur und Film, außerdem aber auch in Musik und bildender Kunst sowie im Bereich der Gesellschaftsspiele, Computerspiele sowie Pen-&-Paper- und Live-Rollenspiele. @de
definition: El género fantástico, comúnmente llamado fantasía, es un género artístico en el cual los elementos principales del argumento son imaginarios, irreales y sobrenaturales. En su sentido más amplio, el género fantástico se halla presente en la literatura, cinematografía, historieta, videojuegos, juegos de rol, pintura, escultura, drama y, sobre todo, en la mitología y relatos antiguos, donde tuvo su origen. Se caracteriza por no dar prioridad a una representación realista que respete las leyes de funcionamiento del mundo real. En ese sentido se suele decir que el género fantástico es subversivo, pues viola las normas de la realidad. Generalmente se lo distingue de otras formas artísticas como la ciencia ficción –en la que también se subvierten los mecanismos de funcionamiento de la realidad conocida– aduciendo que la causa de los fenómenos observados en obras de corte fantástico siempre tienen que ver con fuerzas sobrenaturales mientras que en la ciencia ficción hay causas “cientifizadas”, con explicaciones que buscan la racionalidad dentro de su ruptura con el orden conocido. Por eso, algunos autores opinan que la diferencia entre el relato fantástico y el de ciencia-ficción radica no tanto en los hechos sobrenaturales sino en el modo en que el autor presenta y explica los mismos. @es
definition: Fantasy is een apart genre binnen diverse media-, kunst- en cultuurvormen zoals films, televisie, literatuur, computerspellen, festivals, muziek, en dergelijke. Het is een genre dat zich kenmerkt door het gebruik van fictieve verhalen, verzonnen wezens en imaginaire werelden. Bovendien spelen magie en andere bovennatuurlijke elementen veelal een belangrijke rol in het genre. Toch is fantasy meestal duidelijk te onderscheiden van aanverwante genres als sciencefiction en horror, die de meeste van de bovenstaande kenmerken ook kunnen bezitten. Dit onderscheid is vooral te vinden in de toon, de stijl en de manier waarop diverse thema's behandeld worden. Daarnaast focussen sciencefiction en horror zich respectievelijk op bepaalde elementen als 'toekomst en techniek' en 'angst en mysterie', terwijl in fantasy de bovengenoemde kenmerken centraal staan. Vaak lijken fantasy-verhalen zich af te spelen in een onbestemd en mythisch verleden, waarin "bovennatuurlijke" verschijnselen of een daarmee samenhangende sfeer alledaags lijken (zoals tovenarij), terwijl het met name bij sciencefiction daarentegen veelal gaat om een setting in een al dan niet onbestemd "futuristisch" verschiet, waarin technisch vernuft een belangrijke rol speelt (zoals ruimtereizen). @nl
derived from: Fantasy
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Literary genre in which works are of a whimsical or visionary nature, having suppositions that are speculation or resting on no solid grounds. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms f.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

FARCE
type: literary genre
label: farce
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: (from Latin Farsus, "stuffed"): A farce is a form of low comedy designed to provoke laughter through highly exaggerated caricatures of people in improbable or silly situations. Traits of farce include (1) physical bustle such as slapstick, (2) sexual misunderstandings and mix-ups, and (3) broad verbal humor such as puns. Many literary critics (especially in the Victorian period) have tended to view farce as inferior to "high comedy" that involves brilliant dialogue. Many of Shakespeare's early works, such as The Taming of the Shrew, are considered farces. Contrast with comedy of manners.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms f.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

FEMINIST
type: literary genre
label: feminist
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms f.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

FEMINISTTHEORY
type: literary genre
label: feminist theory
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

FICTION
type: literary genre
label: fiction
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Poetic or prosaic literary forms derived from medieval narratives of love, legendary or heroic adventures, and chivalry. Extends to narratives about important religious figures, or fantastic or supernatural events.
definition: Vertellingen in proza of versvorm, zich vaak afspelend in de middeleeuwen, waarin grootse, fantastische of bovennatuurlijke gebeurtenissen worden beschreven. @nl
definition: Narraciones en verso o prosa que relatan sucesos heroicos, fantásticos o sobrenaturales que a menudo transcurren en tiempos medievales. @es
definition: 描述英雄事蹟、幻想，或超自然事件的詩文或散文體記敘文，常設定於中世紀時期。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300191065
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Genre of novels, short stories, motion pictures, television, and radio shows characterized by a setting in the American West during its time of settlement, usually the 1850s through the early 1900s; the western genre reached its greatest popularity in the early and middle 20th century. The genre is primarily an American creation, although the western had its counterparts in the gaucho literature of Argentina and in tales of the settlement of the Australian outback. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Género literario, oral o de película cinematográfica que trata la vida de la frontera occidental de Norte América, particularmente en el siglo XIX. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Literair en mondeling genre dat met name het leven in de 19e eeuw aan de Noord-Amerikaanse kolonisatiegrens behandelt. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 探討北美西部拓疆生活的文學、口語和電影類型，特別指十九世紀。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300254815

FILMTVSCRIPT
type: literary genre
label: film tv script
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

FOLKSONG
type: literary genre
label: folksong
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

GARDENINGBOOK
type: literary genre
label: gardening book
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

GENEALOGY
type: literary genre
label: genealogy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Accounts or histories of the descent of persons, families, or other groups, from an ancestor or ancestors; enumerations of ancestors and their descendants in the natural order of succession.
definition: Documentos o historias de la ascendencia de personas, familias u otros grupos, desde un antepasado o antepasados, enumeraciones de antepasados y su descendencia en el orden natural de sucesión. @es
definition: Verslagen van of verhalen over de afkomst van personen, families of andere groepen mensen beginnende bij één of meer gemeenschappelijke voorouders; opsommingen van voorouders en hun afstammelingen in volgorde van nakomelingschap. @nl
definition: Bericht oder Chronik über die Abstammung von Personen, Familien oder anderen Gruppen von einem oder mehreren Vorfahren; Auflistung der Vorfahren und ihrer Nachkommen in natürlicher Abfolge. @de
definition: 從一位祖先或諸位祖先開始的個人、家庭，或其他群體之記述或歷史；依繼承自然順序列舉祖先與其後裔。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300027015
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

GEORGIC
type: literary genre
label: georgic
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

GHOSTSTORY
type: literary genre
label: ghost story
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Prose tales of the supernatural in which the living encounter manifestations of the spirits of the dead.
definition: Prozavertellingen over het bovennatuurlijke, waarin levende figuren in aanraking komen met verschijningen van de geesten van doden. @nl
definition: Cuentos sobrenaturales en prosa en los que seres vivos tienen encuentros con manifestaciones de los espíritus de los muertos. @es
definition: Prosaerzählung vom Übernatürlichen, in der die Lebenden den Geistern der Toten begegnen. @de
definition: 超自然的散文體故事，敘述活人與死者現形的靈魂相遇。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300254823
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Les histoires de fantôme sont un sous-genre du fantastique. Dans ces histoires, le fantôme est souvent le héros et a une personnalité et une identité bien à lui. Le genre peut aussi donner lieu à des récits centrés uniquement sur les fantômes ou les morts. @fr
derived from: Ghost story
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Prose tales of the supernatural in which the living encounter manifestations of the spirits of the dead. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Prosaerzählung vom Übernatürlichen, in der die Lebenden den Geistern der Toten begegnen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Prozavertellingen over het bovennatuurlijke, waarin levende figuren in aanraking komen met verschijningen van de geesten van doden. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Cuentos sobrenaturales en prosa en los que seres vivos tienen encuentros con manifestaciones de los espíritus de los muertos. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 超自然的散文體故事，敘述活人與死者現形的靈魂相遇。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
definition: : Any liteary or folklore narrative dealing with supernatural beings that return from the dead to haunt the living. Ghost stories appear in the traditions of a wide number of peoples and places including Amerindian and Polynesian tribes, the Middle East and Asia, and Europe. They may date back to prehistoric times and even today remain popular on " reality" television series, in horror films, and in online creepypastas. Ghost stories are often told with the explicit or implicit goal of evoking fear, suspense, and "goosebumps" in the listener. Many Gothic novels are ghost stories. Anthropologists suggest that, as is true with the current fascination with zombie apocalypse narratives, the fear implicit in a ghost story may originate in the instinctive revulsion and dismay humans (and many other animal species) feel when confronted with a dead body of their own species. Fear of and revulsion toward such dead bodies is a survival trait--obviously something dangerous to one's species--a predator, a poison, or a pathogen--killed the dead body. So, a strong desire to avoid the body and the surrounding area (i.e, a feeling of nausea or terror) would encourage others to keep their distance. The creators of ghost stories rely intentionally or unintentionally on this instinctive reaction toward the dead as one of the emotional engines to shape a reaction in their audience. Contrast with ghost characters, above.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms g.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

GIFTBOOK
type: literary genre
label: giftbook
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Books, usually illustrated literary anthologies, intended to be given as gifts and often published annually; popular in the 19th century. For works produced to mark an occasion, use "keepsakes (books)." Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Úsese para libros, generalmente antologías literarias ilustradas, para ser obsequiados y a menudo publicados anualmente; populares en el siglo XIX. Para obras producidas para destacar una ocasión, use "recuerdo (libros)". Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor boeken, meestal geïllustreerde literaire bloemlezingen, die bedoeld zijn om cadeau te worden gedaan en die vaak jaarlijks worden uitgegeven. Dergelijke boeken waren met name tijdens de 19e eeuw in zwang. Gebruik `gedenkschriften' voor werken die worden opgesteld ter gedachtenis van een bepaalde gebeurtenis. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 通常附插圖的文學選集。流行於十九世紀，往往一年出版一次，大多作為贈禮用。為標誌某重大時刻而製作的作品，則使用「紀念品（書）」一詞。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202541
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

GOTHIC
type: literary genre
label: gothic
label: gothique @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Romantic fictions having a prevailing atmosphere of mystery and terror, often combined with a love story. The genre was introduced in England ca. 1765, but soon became popular elsewhere in Europe, reaching its heyday in the 1790s. The genre has undergone frequent revivals in subsequent centuries. It is called "Gothic" because the early examples were often set in part among medieval buildings and ruins, such as castles or monasteries.
definition: Romantische Prosa, die in einer Atmosphäre des Mysteriösen und Schreckensvollen spielt, häufig im Zusammenhang mit einer Liebesgeschichte. Das Genre wurde ca. 1765 in England entwickelt, wurde aber bald in ganz Europa beliebt und erreichte in den 1790er Jahren seine Blütezeit. In den nachfolgenden Jahrhunderten hat das Genre viele Wiederbelebungen erfahren. Es wird im Emglischen "Gothic" genannt, weil die frühen Beispiele oftmals zu Teilen in mittelalterlichen Bauten und Ruinen spielten, wie beispielsweise in Burgen oder Klöstern. @de
definition: 瀰漫神秘與恐怖氛圍的浪漫小說，常與愛情故事結合。此一文類約於1765年始自英國，但迅即在歐洲其他地區流行，於1790年代達到顛峰。爾後本類型文體經歷頻繁的復興。稱「哥德體」係因早期作品常有部份設定於城堡或修道院之類的中世紀建築與遺跡裡。 @zh-hant
definition: Romans met een combinatie van mystery, romantiek en horror. Dit genre ontstond in circa 1765 in Engeland, maar werd ook elders in Europa al snel populair, met het hoogtepunt in de jaren negentig van de achttiende eeuw. Het genre beleefde in de daaropvolgende eeuwen regelmatig een wederopbloei. Men noemde dit soort romans ���gotisch' omdat ze zich aanvankelijk vaak gedeeltelijk afspeelden in middeleeuwse ruïnes en gebouwen, zoals kastelen en kloosters. @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300266777
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: The word Gothic originally only referred to the Goths, one of the Germanic tribes that helped destroy Rome. Their now-extinct language, also called Gothic, died out completely. The term later came to signify "Germanic," then "medieval," especially in reference to the medieval architecture and art used in western Europe between 1100 and 1500 CE. (The earlier art and architecture of medieval Europe between 700-1100 CE is known as "Romanesque.") Characteristics of Gothic architecture include the pointed arch and vault, the flying buttress, stained glass, and the use of gargoyles and grotesques fitted into the nooks and crannies unoccupied by images of saints and biblical figures. A grotesque refers to a stone carving of a monstrous or mythical creature either in two dimensions or full-relief, but which does not contain a pipe for transferring rainwater. A gargoyle is a full-relief stone carving with an actual pipe running through it, so that rainwater will flow through it and out of a water-spout in its mouth. Manuscripts from the Gothic period of art likewise have strange monsters and fantastical creatures depicted in the margins of the page, and elaborate vine-work or leaf-work painted along the borders. The term has come to be used much more loosely to refer to gloomy or frightening literature. Contrast with horror story, Gothic literature and Gothic novel (below). GOTHICDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms g.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

GOVERNMENTREPORT
type: literary genre
label: government report
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

GRAMMAR
type: literary genre
label: grammar
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: GRAMMAR: Another term for transformational grammar.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms g.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

GRAVEYARDPOETRY
type: literary genre
label: graveyard poetry
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
broader transitive: POETRY

GUIDEBOOK
type: literary genre
label: guidebook
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Handbooks for the guidance of strangers or visitors in a district, town, building, etc., giving a description of the roads, places, or objects of interest to be found there. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Handbuch für Fremde oder Reisende mit Informationen über ein Gebiet, eine Stadt, ein Gebäude usw., in dem Straßen, Plätze, oder Sehenswürdigkeiten beschrieben werden. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Manuales con direcciones e informaciones, por ejemplo para viajeros. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Handleidingen met aanwijzingen en informatie, bijvoorbeeld voor reizigers. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026300
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

HAGIOGRAPHY
type: literary genre
label: hagiography
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Biographies of saints, usually written, but includes oral or visual works as well.
definition: Biografieën van heiligen. @nl
definition: Biografías de santos. @es
definition: Biografie eines Heiligen. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300201063
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: L’hagiographie (du grec ancien ἅγιος / hágios (« saint ») et γράφειν / gráphein (« écrire »)) est l'écriture de la vie et / ou de l'œuvre des saints. Pour un texte particulier, on ne parle que rarement d'« une hagiographie » (sauf dans le sens figuré), mais plutôt d'un texte hagiographique ou tout simplement d'une vie de saint. Le texte hagiographique étant destiné à être lu, soit lors de l'office des moines soit en public dans le cadre de la prédication, on lui donne souvent le nom de légende (du latin legenda, « ce qui doit être lu », terme utilisé dans son acception la plus littérale et non dans son sens péjoratif actuel de récit dépourvu de tout enracinement dans l'histoire événementielle). Un texte hagiographique recouvre plusieurs genres littéraires ou artistiques parmi lesquels on compte en premier lieu la vita, c'est-à-dire le récit biographique de la vie du saint. Une fresque à épisode est également une hagiographie, de même qu'une simple notice résumant la vie du bienheureux. Par rapport à une biographie, l'hagiographie est un genre littéraire qui veut mettre en avant le caractère de sainteté du personnage dont on raconte la vie. L'écrivain, l'hagiographe n'a pas d'abord une démarche d'historien, surtout lorsque le genre hagiographique s'est déployé. Aussi les hagiographies anciennes sont parsemées de passages merveilleux à l'historicité douteuse. De plus, des typologies de saints existaient au Moyen Âge, ce qui a conduit les hagiographes à se conformer à ces modèles et à faire de nombreux emprunts à des récits antérieurs. L'hagiographie est ainsi un récit fortement stéréotypé dont la fonction pastorale est de servir à l'instruction et l'édification religieuse, mais qui peut avoir aussi une fonction normative, politique et de propagande religieuse. D'une manière plus polémique, on parle aussi d'hagiographie pour désigner un écrit (une biographie, l'analyse d'un système philosophique, etc.) trop favorable à son objet, c'est-à-dire manquant de recul et/ou ne… @fr
derived from: Hagiography
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Saints' lives as a branch of literature or legend. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055909

HAIKU
type: literary genre
label: haiku
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: (plural: haiku, from archaic Japanese): The term haiku is a fairly late addition to Japanese poetry. The poet Shiki coined the term in the nineteenth century from a longer, more traditional phrase, haikai renga no hokku ("the introductory lines of light linked verse"). To understand the haiku's history as a genre, peruse the vocabulary entries for its predecessors, the hokku and the haikai renga or renku. The haiku follows several conventions: Many Japanese poets have used the form, the two acknowledged masters being Bashó (a nom de plume for Matsuo Munefusa, 1644-94); and Kobayashi Issa (a nom de plume for Kobayashi Nobuyuki). The Imagist Movement in 20th century English literature has been profoundly influenced by haiku. The list of poets who attempted the haiku or admired the genre includes Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, Robert Frost, Conrad Aiken, and W. B. Yeats. Contrast haiku with the tanka and the senryu. See also hokku, below, and haikai, above. See also kigo and imagism. You can click here to download a PDF handout summarizing this discussion of haiku, or you can click here to download PDF samples of haiku.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms h.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

HARLEQUINADE
type: literary genre
label: harlequinade
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

HEROIC
type: literary genre
label: heroic
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Form of poetry comprising long narratives celebrating on a grand scale the adventures and deeds of one or more heroic figures, ordinarily concerning a serious subject significant to a culture or nation. Classical epic poetry employs dactylic hexameter and recounts a journey. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404208
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms h.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

HISTORICAL
type: literary genre
label: historical
label: historique @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Refers to maps that indicate political administrative boundaries or other characteristics of a region at periods of time before the present. They typically include historical names for places, historical population dispositions, and the historical state of physical features. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Bezieht sich auf eine Karte, die politische Verwaltungsgrenzen oder andere Charakteristiken eines Gebietes zu einem Zeitpunkt darstellt, der vor der Gegenwart liegt. In der Regel beinhaltet sie historische Ortsnamen, die historische Bevölkerungsentwicklung und den historischen Zustand geografischer Merkmale. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Verwijst naar kaarten waarop politieke bestuurlijke grenzen of andere kenmerken van een regio uit het verleden zijn weergegeven. Meestal bevatten ze historische namen van plaatsen, de historische spreiding van bevolkingsgroepen en de historische situatie van fysieke kenmerken. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Se refiere a mapas que indican las fronteras político- administrativas u otras características de una región en períodos anteriores al presente. Incluyen generalmente los nombres históricos de lugares, las conductas históricas de las poblaciones, y el estado histórico de las características físicas. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 標明一區域在過往時期的政治行政界線或其他特點的地圖。通常包括地方的歷史名稱、歷史上的人口排列、與地表特徵的歷史狀態等。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300028233
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms h.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

HISTORY
type: literary genre
label: history
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Accounts of the chronological development of cases of disease or conditions of individuals, with details of symptoms.
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026359
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Chronological records of significant events, as of the life or development of a people, country, or institution, often with an explanation of the causes. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Chronologische Aufzeichnung bedeutungsvoller Ereignisse, wie beispielsweise das Leben oder die Entwicklung eines Volkes, Landes oder einer Institution, häufig mit einer Erklärung des Geschehens. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Aanduiding voor chronologische verslagen van gebeurtenissen, zoals het leven of de ontwikkeling van een volk, land of instituut. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Úsese para designar registros cronológicos de sucesos, como de la vida o el desarrollo de un pueblo, país o institución. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 依時間先後排列的事件紀錄，例如一個民族、國家、或社會組織的生活或其發展。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026358

HYMN
type: literary genre
label: hymn
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A religious song consisting of one or more repeating rhythmical stanzas. In classical Roman literature, hymns to Minerva and Jupiter survive. The Greek poet Sappho wrote a number of hymns to Aphrodite. More recently a vast number of hymns appear in Catholic and Protestant religious lyrics. A particularly vibrant tradition of hymn-writing comes from the South's African-American population during the nineteenth century. In the realm of fiction, C.S. Lewis creates hymns for the Solid Ones in The Great Divorce, and Tolkien creates Elvish hymns such as "O Elbereth" in The Lord of the Rings, typically with quatrain structure alternating with couplet stanzas. In the example of "O Elbereth," the hymn honors one of the Maiar spirits. See also paean.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms h.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

IMITATION
type: literary genre
label: imitation
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

INDUSTRIALNOVEL
type: literary genre
label: industrial novel
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
broader transitive: NOVEL

INTRODUCTION
type: literary genre
label: introduction
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

JOURNALISM
type: literary genre
label: journalism
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

JUVENILIA
type: literary genre
label: juvenilia
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Literary or artistic works produced by persons in their childhood or youth; usually used to set those works apart from later, mature works. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: schriftstellerisches oder künstlerisches Werk aus der Kindheit oder der Jugend einer Person; in der Regel verwendet, um diese Werke von den später entstandenen, reifen Werken abzusetzen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Literair of artistiek werk dat de maker heeft vervaardigd in zijn kindertijd of jeugd; wordt meestal gebruikt om deze werken te onderscheiden van later, volwassen werk. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Obras literarias o artísticas producidas por personas en su niñez o juventud; usualmente usadas para ubicar aquellas obras aparte de las posteriores, obras maduras. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 指個人在童年或青少年時期創作的文學或藝術作品，一般用以區別較後期的成熟作品。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300028883
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: (Latin: "things from youth"): Not to be confused with Juvenalian satire or juvenile literature, above, juvenilia refers to works a famous author or poet wrote while still a child or teenager. These works are typically marked by immaturity in thought and subject-matter as well as a lack of fully developed style, but they serve as interesting contrasts with the adult writings of that creator or illustrations of the writer's development. Examples include Lord Byron's Hours of Idleness (written at perhaps age eighteen or nineteen), Alexander Pope's Pastorals (written at age sixteen), and Dryden's "Upon the Death of Lord Hastings" (written at age eighteen).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms j.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

KITCHENSINKDRAMA
type: literary genre
label: kitchensink drama
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

KUNSTLERROMAN
type: literary genre
label: kunstlerroman
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

LAIS
type: literary genre
label: lais
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A laisse is a type of stanza, of varying length, found in medieval French literature, specifically medieval French epic poetry (the chanson de geste), such as The Song of Roland. In early works, each laisse was made up of (mono) assonanced verses, although the appearance of (mono) rhymed laisses was increasingly common in later poems. Within a poem, the length of each separate laisse is variable (whereas the metric length of the verses is invariable, each verse having the same syllable length, typically decasyllables or, occasionally, alexandrines. The laisse is characterized by stereotyped phrases and formulas and frequently repeated themes and motifs, including repetitions of material from one laisse to another. Such repetitions and formulaic structures are common of orality and oral-formulaic composition. When medieval poets repeated content (with different wording or assonance/rhyme) from one laisse to another, such "similar" laisses are called laisses similaires in French.
derived from: Laisse
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: : A stanzaic verse paragraph. The Song of Roland, for instance, in written in a series of such units.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms l.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

LAMPOON
type: literary genre
label: lampoon
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A coarse or crude satire ridiculing the appearance or character of another person.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms l.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

LEGALWRITING
type: literary genre
label: legal writing
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

LEGENDFOLKTALE
type: literary genre
label: legend folktale
label: légende et conte de fée @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

LESBIAN
type: literary genre
label: lesbian
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians was a quarterly periodical for black, Asian, Latina, and Native American lesbians published between 1977 and 1983 by the Salsa Soul Sisters, Third World Wimmin Inc Collective. The Collective also published the Salsa Soul Sisters/Third World Women's Gay-zette (c. 1982).
derived from: Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

LETTER
type: literary genre
label: letter
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Letters written to a newspaper or magazine to present a position, make a correction, or respond to another story or letter.
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300343729
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

LETTERSFROMTHEDEADTOTHELIVING
type: literary genre
label: letters from the dead to the living
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

LIBRETTO
type: literary genre
label: libretto
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Books or booklets containing the text or words of an opera or similar extended musical composition. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Buch oder Heft mit dem Text einer Oper oder einer ähnlich umfänglichen musikalischen Komposition. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Libros o folletos que contienen el texto o letras de una ópera o de una composición musical de similar extensión. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Boeken of boekjes waarin de tekst of de woorden van een opera of een vergelijkbaar, uitgewerkt muziekstuk staan. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026424
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

LITERARYCRITICISM
type: literary genre
label: literary criticism
label: critiquelittéraire @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

LITURGY
type: literary genre
label: liturgy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

LOVE
type: literary genre
label: love
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
derived from: Christo
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

LYRIC
type: literary genre
label: lyric
label: lyrique @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Lyric Essay is a subgenre of essay writing, which combines qualities of poetry, essay, memoir, and research writing. The lyric essay is considered high art, and often requires work and association on behalf of the reader. Proponents of the lyric essay classification insist it differs from prose poetry in its reliance on association rather than line breaks and juxtaposition.
derived from: Lyric essay
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: (from Greek lyra "song"): The lyric form is as old as Egypt (surviving examples date back to 2600 BCE), and examples exist in early Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and other sources. If literature from every culture through the ages were lumped into a single stack, it is likely that the largest number of writings would be these short verse poems. There are three general meanings for lyric: LYRICDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms l.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

MAGICREALIST
type: literary genre
label: magic realist
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

MANIFESTO
type: literary genre
label: manifesto
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Formal written declarations, promulgated by a sovereign or by the executive authority of a state or nation, such as to proclaim its reasons and motives for declaring a war, or other international action; also public declarations or proclamations of political, social, artistic, or other principles. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Declaraciones formales escritas, promulgadas por un soberano o por la autoridad ejecutiva de un estado o nación, como aquellas que proclaman las razones y motivos para declarar una guerra u otra acción internacional; también declaraciones públicas o proclamaciones de principios políticos, sociales, artísticos y otros. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Formele, schriftelijke afkondigingen die worden uitgevaardigd door een vorst of door de uitvoerende autoriteiten van een staat of een natie, en waarin, bijvoorbeeld, de motieven voor een oorlogsverklaring, of een andere internationale actie bekend worden gemaakt. Wordt ook gebruikt voor openbare verklaringen of proclamaties van politieke, sociale, artistieke of andere beginselen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026393
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

MANUAL
type: literary genre
label: manual
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Books or treatises, often compendious, containing rules or instructions needed to perform tasks, operations, processes, occupations, arts, or studies, and intended to be used as reference while the task or study is performed. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Buch oder Abhandlung, oft in kompakter Form, mit Regeln oder Anweisungen, die für Ablauf oder Verrichtung einer Aufgabe, Arbeit, eines Prozesses oder einer Tätigkeit, für die Kunst oder wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen gebraucht werden und die während des Ablaufs einer Arbeit oder Untersuchung als Referenz dienen sollen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Libros, generalmente compactos, que contienen información concisa, a menudo las reglas o instrucciones necesarias para realizar tareas o procesos. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor, meestal compacte, boeken die beknopte informatie bevatten. Meestal gaat het om regels of aanwijzingen die men nodig heeft om bepaalde taken of processen te kunnen uitvoeren. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026395
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

MAP
type: literary genre
label: map
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

MASQUE
type: literary genre
label: masque
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Not to be confused with a masquerade, a masque is a type of elaborate court entertainment popular in the times of Queen Elizabeth I, King James I, and Charles I--i.e., the early 17th Century after Queen Elizabeth's death. The masque as a performance grew out of medieval plays, but it was more spectacle than drama proper. The content was suitable for amateur actors rather than professional performers. The masques tended to use long speeches and little action. They combined poetic drama, singing, dancing, music, and splendid costumes and settings. The imagery was influential on later poets and poems, such as Andrew Marvell, who makes use of masque-imagery in "Upon Appleton House."Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms m.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

MEDICALWRITING
type: literary genre
label: medical writing
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

MELODRAMA
type: literary genre
label: melodrama
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Film genre originally applied to plays with plots with moral issues where good versus evil were the main focus. Later, the films of D. W. Griffith, such as "Way Down East in (1920), the personal and social problems of women are portrayed in particularly melodramatic way, and the emphasis become more on characters themselves. In films like Stella Dallas (1937) or Douglas Sirk's "All That Heaven Allows," the happy ending plot gives way to the female character sacrificing everything to a more noble cause. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Filmgenre, waarvan de term oorspronkelijk werd gebruikt voor toneelstukken met plots over morele kwesties, waarbij de strijd tussen goed en kwaad het centrale thema was. Later, in de films van D.W. Griffith (zoals 'Way Down East' uit 1920), werden de persoonlijke en sociale problemen van vrouwen op een bijzonder melodramatische manier afgeschilderd en kwam de nadruk vooral op de personages zelf te liggen. In films als 'Stella Dallas' (1937) of 'All That Heaven Allows' van Douglas Sirk werd het happy end vervangen door een einde waarin het vrouwelijke personage alles opoffert voor een hoger doel. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300375153
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: A dramatic form characterized by excessive sentiment, exaggerated emotion, sensational and thrilling action, and an artificially happy ending. Melodramas originally referred to romantic plays featuring music, singing, and dancing, but by the eighteenth century they connoted simplified and coincidental plots, bathos, and happy endings. These melodramatic traits are present in Gothic novels, western stories, popular films, and television crime shows, to name but a few more recent examples.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms m.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

MIXEDMEDIA
type: literary genre
label: mixed media
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

MOCKFORMS
type: literary genre
label: mockforms
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

MONOLOGUE
type: literary genre
label: monologue
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: In theatre, a monologue (from Greek μονόλογος from μόνος mónos, "alone, solitary" and λόγος lógos, "speech") is a speech presented by a single character, most often to express their mental thoughts aloud, though sometimes also to directly address another character or the audience. Monologues are common across the range of dramatic media (plays, films, etc.), as well as in non-dramatic media such as poetry. Monologues share much in common with several other literary devices including soliloquies, apostrophes, and aside. There are, however, distinctions between each of these devices.
definition: Un monologue (du grec mono : "un seul", et logos : "discours") est une ou plusieurs phrases auto-adressées à haute voix, rapportant les pensées du locuteur au style direct.Il faut distinguer le véritable monologue non seulement, cela va de soi, du roman autobiographique à la première personne, qui suppose un décalage de temps, même minime ("Aujourd'hui maman est morte") entre la narration et le narré, mais aussi d'une forme d'écriture fictionnelle moderne, la représentation du flux intérieur sous la forme je ou tu. @fr
definition: Der Monolog (gr. μόνος mónos „allein“ und -log; lat. Soliloquium) ist im Gegensatz zum Dialog ein Selbstgespräch und findet vor allem im Drama Verwendung. Er richtet sich nicht direkt an einen Zuhörer, sondern an eine imaginäre Person. Faktisch ist das Publikum Adressat des Monologisierenden. Eine Sonderform des Monologs ist der Innere Monolog in der Erzählprosa. Der Ausdruck Monolog bezeichnet auch eine Rede, die so formuliert ist, als sei sie nicht an einen Zuhörer oder Gesprächspartner gerichtet. Oftmals wird damit nicht das alltägliche Selbstgespräch bezeichnet, sondern der bewusste Einsatz des alleinigen Redens, in der Kunst, vor allem im Theater und in der Literatur, zusammen mit Gesten. Dort dient der Monolog häufig dazu, Gedanken und seelische Vorgänge einer Person hörbar oder lesbar nach außen zu tragen und damit für Zuschauer oder Leser deutlich werden zu lassen. In vielen Theaterstücken bilden Monologe einen dramatischen Höhepunkt oder bezeichnen einen Wendepunkt der Handlung. Ein bekanntes Beispiel dafür ist der Hamlet-Monolog von Shakespeare. Im Englischen, Französischen und anderen Sprachen wird in der Literaturwissenschaft noch eine wichtige Sonderform des Monologs unterschieden. Diese Sonderform wird als (engl.) Soliloquy bezeichnet und erlaubt im Drama – im Gegensatz zum Monolog – Zuhörer. in gewisser Weise handelt es sich um ein meist dramatisches Selbstgespräch. @de
definition: Monólogo (del griego mono: uno; y logo: palabra) es un discurso que emite una sola persona tanto para un solo ente receptor como para hacia otros receptores (personajes, lectores, auditorio, a una cosa, a un personaje o a un narrador). El monólogo es un recurso utilizado en todos los géneros literarios que puede encontrarse tanto en poesía, cuento, periodismo, discusión, teatro, como en novela. @es
definition: Een monoloog is alleenspraak; een betoog van één persoon die aan het woord is (en blijft), vaak zonder dat er toehoorders zijn. Monoloog komt van het Grieks, waar μονος (monos) één en alleen betekent, en λογος (logos) woord of idee betekent. In het theater is het een toneeloptreden van één acteur binnen een toneelstuk. Daarvoor wordt vaak de term soliloque gebruikt. In een gesprek op een bijeenkomst betekent een monoloog dat de andere aanwezigen niet aan het woord kunnen of mogen komen. Een toespraak dus. Het is het tegengestelde van een dialoog. @nl
derived from: Monologue
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: A lengthy speech by one actor in a film, play, or broadcast production. More recently, a dramatic composition performed by one person, throughout. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Längere Rede eines Schauspielers in einem Film, Theaterstück oder einer Rundfunkproduktion. In jüngerer Zeit ein dramatisches Werk, das durchgehend von einer Person gespielt wird. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Een lange voordracht van één acteur in een film. toneelstuk of hoorspel. Tegenwoordig gebruikt men de term ook voor een stuk dat in zijn geheel door één persoon wordt uitgevoerd. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 在電影、戲劇，或廣播作品中，由一位演員進行之冗長演說。近來演變為從頭到尾由一人表演的戲劇作品。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300266470
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: (contrast with soliloquy and interior monologue): An interior monologue does not necessarily represent spoken words, but rather the internal or emotional thoughts or feelings of an individual, such as William Faulkner's long interior monologues within The Sound and The Fury. Monologue can also be used to refer to a character speaking aloud to himself, or narrating an account to an audience with no other character on stage. Cf. dramatic monologue.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms m.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

MORALITYMYSTERYPLAY
type: literary genre
label: morality mystery play
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

MULTIMEDIA
type: literary genre
label: multimedia
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

MUSICOLOGY
type: literary genre
label: musicology
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

MYSTERY
type: literary genre
label: mystery
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Medieval plays based on the lives of the saints or other biblical legends. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Mittelalterliches Schauspiel, das auf dem Leben der Heiligen oder andere Legenden aus der Bibel gründet. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055914
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms m.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

MYTH
type: literary genre
label: myth
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Legendary stories without a determinable basis of fact or natural explanation, typically concerning a being, hero, deity, or event and explains some practice, rite, or phenomenon of nature.
definition: Sagenhafte Geschichte ohne bestimmbare Faktengrundlage oder natürliche Erklärung, die in der Regel ein Wesen, einen Helden, eine Gottheit oder ein Ereignis zum Thema hat und eine bestimmte Praxis, einen Ritus oder ein Naturphänomen erklärt. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300201023
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Un mythe est un récit qui se veut explicatif et surtout fondateur d'une pratique sociale. Il est porté à l'origine par une tradition orale, qui propose une explication pour certains aspects fondamentaux du monde et de la société qui a forgé ou qui véhicule ces mythes : L'étude des mythes est appelée mythologie. Le terme mythe est souvent employé pour désigner une croyance manifestement erronée au premier abord, mais qui peut se rapporter à des éléments concrets exprimés de façon symbolique et partagée par un nombre significatif de personnes. Le mythe se distingue de la légende (qui suppose quelques faits historiques identifiables), du conte (qui se veut inventif sans expliquer), et du roman (qui "explique" avec peu de fondements). @fr
definition: Un mito (del griego μῦθος, mythos, «relato», «cuento») es un relato tradicional que se refiere a acontecimientos prodigiosos, protagonizados por seres sobrenaturales o extraordinarios, tales como dioses, semidioses, héroes, monstruos o personajes fantásticos, los cuales buscan dar una explicación a un hecho o fenómeno. @es
definition: Mythe (Grieks: mythos; μυθος) betekende oorspronkelijk in het Grieks gesproken woord, verhaal.De betekenis is afhankelijk van de context: In tegenstelling tot wat bij sagen, sprookjes en fabels meestal het geval is, gaan mythen in hoofdzaak over goden en halfgoden. @nl
derived from: Myth
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Genre and tradition that expresses the study of a culture's body of myths belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition in an authoritative and official fashion through symbolic narrative, iconography, or characterization usually through the forms and personalities of deities. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Género y tradición que expresa el estudio del cuerpo mítico de una cultura perteneciente a una tradición religiosa o cultural particular de una manera autoritaria y oficial a través de una narrativa simbólica, iconografía o caracterización usualmente a través de las formas y personalidades de las deidades. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Genre en traditie die het onderzoek naar de verzameling mythen van een cultuur tot onderwerp hebben. Deze mythen maken deel uit van een bepaalde heersende religieuze of culturele traditie en zijn te vinden in symbolische vertellingen, iconografie of typeringen, meestal aan de hand van verschijningsvormen en persoonlijkheden van goden. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 文化本體中神話研究的傳達類型和傳統，透過象徵式敘事、圖像、或特徵，賦予神祇的形貌與性格，變成可信並正式通行的特定宗教或文化傳統。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055985
definition: NE MYTH: A medieval legend about a French princess who secretly transformed into a serpent or dragon in her private moments until her husband learns the truth about her real identity. C.S. Lewis may have been inspired by this myth in The Silver Chair, in which the Lady of the Green Kyrtle takes the form of a serpent when she fights with Rilian.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms m.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

NARRATIVEPOETRY
type: literary genre
label: narrative poetry
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metred verse. Narrative poems do not have to follow rhythmic patterns. The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is usually well it normally dramatic, with objectives, diverse characters, and metre. Narrative poems include epics, ballads, idylls, and lays. Some narrative poetry takes the form of a novel in verse. An example of this is The Ring and the Book by Robert Browning. In terms of narrative poetry, a romance is a narrative poem that tells a story of chivalry. Examples include the Romance of the Rose or Tennyson's Idylls of the King. Although these examples use medieval and Arthurian materials, romances may also tell stories from classical mythology. Shorter narrative poems are often similar in style to the short story. Sometimes these short narratives are collected into interrelated groups, as with Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. Some literatures contain prose naose narratives, and the Old Norse sagas include both incidental poetry and the biographies of poets. An example is "The Cremation of Sam McGee" by Robert Service.
definition: La poésie narrative est un courant de la poésie italienne contemporaine dont les principaux représentants sont Carlo Bordini, Mauro Fabi et Andrea di Consoli. Cette poésie, qui sans renoncer à sa dimension expérimentale ou à une certaine forme de lyrisme exploite des matériaux divers - en usant du collage ou en incluant des fragments discursifs ou narratifs - et s'appuie sur le rythme et l'oralité non pour cacher le sens, mais pour le révéler. @fr
definition: Narrative Poesie ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in ihr Handlung eine wesentliche Rolle spielt und dass sie weitgehend in Versen geschrieben ist. In der Poetik des Aristoteles war dieser Bereich allein durch das Epos abgedeckt, heute rechnen eine große Zahl von Mischformen dazu. In der Ballade finden sich oft Elemente aus allen drei Dichtungsgattungen erzählende, lyrische und dramatische. Idyllen und Lais haben meist primär erzählenden Charakter. Versromane unterscheiden sich vom modernen Roman nicht nur durch die Verwendung des Metrums, sondern haben auch inhaltliche Gemeinsamkeiten mit dem antiken Epos (Heldenreise). Das gilt auch für die Romanzen. In der Versnovelle, Beispiele sind Meier Helmbrecht und insbesondere Chaucers Canterbury Tales, sind dagegen kaum Unterschiede zu der zeitlich parallelen Prosa zu finden. Bei Chaucer stehen Prosa und Verserzählung nebeneinander. In manchen Dichtungsformen ist die Prosaerzählung stark von Versen durchsetzt, so in den altnordischen Sagas und in der Dichtung irischer Barden. @de
definition: La narrativa poética o poesía narrativa es aquella que narra una historia. La longitud del poema y la complejidad de la historia varía de un poema a otro, no hay un criterio establecido. Por norma general, no suelen ser dramáticos, presentan versos objetivos y un esquema métrico y rima regular. Entre los poemas narrativos se encuentran la poesía épica, la poesía lírica, la balada y la égloga. Los poemas narrativos son una forma de arte. La poesía narrativa es uno de los más antiguos géneros dentro de la poesía. En la mayoría de las primeras obras literarias que se conocen, desde la epopeya de Gilgamesh hasta los poemas homéricos, tanto en la literatura en inglés antiguo como en la poesía en nórdico antiguo, así como la epopeya en sánscrito titulada Mahábharata, aparecen poemas narrativos. Muchos estudiosos de Homero, desde Quinto de Esmirna en adelante, han llegado a la conclusión de que los cuentos de la Ilíada y la Odisea fueron creados a partir de recopilaciones de poemas narrativos cortos que narraban historias individuales, las cuales resultaban más adecuadas para ser contadas alrededor de una hoguera. Algunos poemas narrativos deben ser considerados novelas en verso, como el extenso poema The Ring and the Book de Robert Browning. En cuanto a la poesía narrativa, un romance es un poema narrativo que cuentan historias de caballería. Algunos ejemplos son el Roman de la Rose, de Guillaume de Lorris, o los Idilios del rey, de Lord Tennyson. Aunque estos ejemplos describen historias medievales y leyendas artúricas, los romances también puede contar historias basadas en la [[mitología clásica. Los poemas narrativos más cortos tener un estilo literario similar al de los cuentos. A veces, estas narraciones breves se recogen compilaciones, como los Los cuentos de Canterbury de Chaucer. Algunas obras literarias contienen prosa narrativa, en la que se incluyen poemas e interludios poéticos.Un ejemplo de esta modalidad es la Vita Nuova de Dante Alighierl. pero el existió p… @es
definition: Narratieve poëzie (ook verhalende dichtkunst of epische poëzie genoemd) is poëzie die een verhaal vertelt. Het is een poëziegenre waartoe zowel korte als langere gedichten kunnen behoren en waarbij het verhaal eenvoudig of complex kan zijn. Meestal wordt een regelmatig rijmschema en metrum gehanteerd. Voorbeelden van verhalende gedichten zijn heldendichten, balladen, idylles en lays. Het oudste overgeleverd verhalend gedicht is het Babylonische epos van Gilgamesj dat dateert uit het 2e millennium v.Chr. In de Middelnederlandse literatuur zijn de ballade 'Heer Halewijn zong een liedekijn' en het Arthurverhaal Ferguut bekende voorbeelden. In sommige gevallen wordt verhalende poëzie gepresenteerd in de vorm van een roman in verzen. Een voorbeeld hiervan is The Ring and the Book van Robert Browning. Een romance is een verhalend gedicht dat een verhaal vertelt over ridderlijkheid. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn Romance of the Rose van Alfred Tennyson. Romancedichters behandelen vaak idyllisch voorgestelde taferelen uit de middeleeuwen en uit de klassieke mythologie of inspireren zich op verhalen over de legendarische koning Arthur. Kortere verhalende gedichten vertonen vaak stilistische gelijkenissen met korte verhalen. Soms zijn deze korte verhalen verzameld in aan elkaar verwante groepen, zoals bij Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Sommige vormen van literatuur bevatten prozaverhalen waarin ook gedichten en poëtische intermezzo's zijn opgenomen. Zo is veel oude Ierse poëzie opgenomen in prozaverhalen, en de oude Noordse sagen omvatten zowel incidentele poëzie als biografieën van dichters. Een voorbeeld is "The Cremation of Sam McGee" door Robert Service. @nl
derived from: Narrative poetry
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
broader transitive: POETRY
definition: Form of poetry that tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well. The story may be written in metered verse, but not necessarily following rhythmic patterns. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404206
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

NATIONALTALE
type: literary genre
label: national tale
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

NOTEBOOK
type: literary genre
label: notebook
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Notebook is a style of writing where people jot down what they have thought or heard at the spur of moment. The contents of a notebook are unorganized, and the number of subjects covered in a notebook are unlimited: a paragraph of autobiography can be followed immediately by one on astronomy or one on history. Some famous authors are also famous for the notebooks they left. The Italian poet Giacomo Leopardi kept a notebook, called Zibaldone, from 1817 to 1832. The idea of keeping that, which contains no fewer than 4,526 pages, was possibly suggested by a priest who fled from the French Revolution and came to live in the poet's hometown. The priest suggested that "every literary man should have a written chaos such as this: notebook containing sottiseries, adrersa, excerpta, pugillares, commentaria... the store-house out of which fine literature of every kind may come, as the sun, moon, and stars issued out of chaos." There are writers who earned their posthumous fame solely by their notebooks, such as the German scientist and humorous writer Georg Lichtenberg. He called his notebooks "waste book," using the English book-keeping term. He explains the purpose of his "waste book" in his notebook E: The notebooks of scientists, such as those of Michael Faraday and Charles Darwin, can reveal the development of their scientific theories. On the other hand, the notebooks used by scientists for recording their experiments are called lab notebooks. The notebooks used by artists are usually referred as sketchbooks, which may contain more than sketches. Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks contain his writings on painting, sculpture, architecture, anatomy, mining, inventions and music, as well as his sketches, his grocery lists and the names of people who owed him money. In Chinese literature, "notebook" or biji is a distinct genre, and has a broader meaning.
definition: Pinselnotizen oder Pinselaufzeichnungen (chinesisch 筆記 / 笔记, Pinyin bǐjì) sind eine schwer abgrenzbare Gattung von Kurzprosa überwiegend aus der klassischen chinesischen Literatur. Das Wort lässt sich grob mit „Notizbuch“ oder „Aufzeichnungen“ übersetzen (als Schreibmaterial diente der Schreibpinsel). Pinselnotizen bestehen meist aus kurzen Gedankenskizzen, Literaturkritik, Tagebuchaufzeichnungen, Anekdoten, Zitaten, auch Reiseberichten, Abenteuer- und Geistergeschichten, Witzen, Rätseln und Kleinprosa jeglicher Art. Das Genre bildete sich während der Wei- und Jin-Dynastie in der Zeit der Sechs Dynastien heraus und reifte in der Zeit der Tang-Dynastie heran. In voller Blüte stand die Biji-Literatur während der Zeit der Song-Dynastie. Auch in späteren Epochen wurde diese Literaturgattung ausgiebig gepflegt. Die Prosastücke wurden oft in Sammlungen herausgegeben und sind heute als wertvolle kulturgeschichtliche Quellen geschätzt. Berühmte Pinselnotizen sind die Werke Shishuo xinyu (世說新語) von Liu Yiqing (劉義慶) (Song-Dynastie der Südlichen Dynastien), Youyang zazu (酉陽雜俎) von Duan Chengshi (Tang-Dynastie), Song Jingwen biji (宋景文笔记) von Song Qi (宋祁) (Song-Dynastie), Chouchi biji (仇池笔记) von Su Shi (苏轼), Mengxi bitan (夢溪筆談) von Shen Kuo (auch: Shen Gua) (沈括) (Song-Dynastie) und Rongzhai suibi (容齋隨筆) von Hong Mai (Song-Dynastie), Dongjing meng Hua lu (東京夢華錄) von Meng Yuanlao (孟元老) (Südliche Song-Dynastie), Shanju xinhua (山居新话) von Yang Yu (杨瑀) Yuan-Dynastie, Wuli xiaoshi (物理小識) von Fang Yizhi (Ming-Dynastie), Yuewei caotang biji (閱微草堂筆記) von Ji Yun (紀昀) (Qing-Dynastie). Viele Pinselnotizen sind in sogenannten congshu („Sammelwerken“) überliefert, wie beispielsweise dem Shuofu (说郛), oder für spätere Epochen den Sammelwerken Ming Qing biji congkan (明清笔记丛刊) oder „Qingdai biji congkan“ (清代笔记丛刊). @de
derived from: Notebook (style)
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

NOVEL
type: literary genre
label: novel
label: roman @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Invented prose narratives of considerable length and a certain complexity that deal imaginatively with human experience through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting.
definition: Verzonnen prozaverhalen van aanzienlijke lengte en een zekere complexiteit die op verbeeldingsrijke wijze de menselijke ervaring behandelen aan de hand van een reeks onderling verbonden gebeurtenissen rond een groep personen in een specifieke omgeving. @nl
definition: Narraciones ficticias en prosa de considerable extensión y una cierta complejidad que tratan imaginativamente sobre experiencias humanas a través de una secuencia relacionada de sucesos que involucran a un grupo de personas en un escenario específico. @es
definition: Fiktionale Prosaerzählung beträchtlichen Umfangs und einiger Komplexität, die auf fantasievolle Weise menschliche Erfahrungen durch eine verknüpfte Reihe von Ereignissen mit einer Gruppe von Personen in einem bestimmten Umfeld schildert. @de
definition: 具相當長度與一定程度複雜性的虛構散文體記敘文，藉由與一群人，於一特定背景中相關聯的一連串事件，於想像中處理人類經驗。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202580
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Invented prose narratives of considerable length and a certain complexity that deal imaginatively with human experience through a connected sequence of events involving a group of persons in a specific setting. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Fiktionale Prosaerzählung beträchtlichen Umfangs und einiger Komplexität, die auf fantasievolle Weise menschliche Erfahrungen durch eine verknüpfte Reihe von Ereignissen mit einer Gruppe von Personen in einem bestimmten Umfeld schildert. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Verzonnen prozaverhalen van aanzienlijke lengte en een zekere complexiteit die op verbeeldingsrijke wijze de menselijke ervaring behandelen aan de hand van een reeks onderling verbonden gebeurtenissen rond een groep personen in een specifieke omgeving. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Narraciones ficticias en prosa de considerable extensión y una cierta complejidad que tratan imaginativamente sobre experiencias humanas a través de una secuencia relacionada de sucesos que involucran a un grupo de personas en un escenario específico. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 具相當長度與一定程度複雜性的虛構散文體記敘文，藉由與一群人，於一特定背景中相關聯的一連串事件，於想像中處理人類經驗。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
definition: In its broadest sense, a novel is any extended fictional prose narrative focusing on a few primary characters but often involving scores of secondary characters. The fact that it is in prose helps distinguish it from other lengthy works like epics. We might arbitrarily set the length at 50,000 words or more as a dividing point with the novella and the short story. The English novel is primarily thought of as a product of the eighteenth-century, though many earlier narratives in classical Greek such as Heliodorus's Aethiopica and Daphnis and Chloë (attributed to Longus) easily fulfill the normal requirements of the genre, as the scholar Edmund Gosse has pointed out. Likewise, the Japanese Tale of the Genji and collected writings of Murasaki Shikibu from 1004 CE would clearly qualify as well by our definition--though most Western scholars treat these works as separate from the novel genre because historically they do not play a direct part or direct influence in the evolution of the popular English novel genre today. NOVELLA: An extended fictional prose narrative that is longer than a short story, but not quite as long as a novel. We might arbitrarily assign an approximate length of 20,000-50,000 words. Early prototypes include the Decameron of Boccaccio, the Cento Novelle Antiche, and the Heptameron of Marguerite of Valois. English examples include Henry James's Daisy Miller and The Turn of the Screw, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Note that some scholars in previous generations distinguished between what they called the novella (short stories in Italian, French, and German that served as later influences on English prose) and the novelette (English extended prose narratives longer than a short story but not quite as long as a novel.) Today, most American critics use the two terms interchangeably. NOVELDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms n.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

NOVELLA
type: literary genre
label: novella
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Short prose tales popular in the Renaissance and for later prose narratives intermediate between novels and short stories.
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor korte prozaverhalen die in de renaissance populair waren en voor moderne prozavertellingen die korter zijn dan romans maar langer dan korte verhalen. @nl
definition: Úsese para cuentos cortos en prosa populares en el Renacimiento y para narraciones en prosa posteriores que se ubican entre la novela y el cuento breve. @es
definition: Kurze, in der Renaissance beliebte Prosageschichte und in späteren Zeiten Prosaerzählung, zwischen Roman und Kurzgeschichte einzuordnen. @de
definition: 指文藝復興時期流行的短篇散文體故事，並指後來介於長篇小說與短篇故事之間的散文體記敘文。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202569
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Short prose tales popular in the Renaissance and for later prose narratives intermediate between novels and short stories. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Kurze, in der Renaissance beliebte Prosageschichte und in späteren Zeiten Prosaerzählung, zwischen Roman und Kurzgeschichte einzuordnen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor korte prozaverhalen die in de renaissance populair waren en voor moderne prozavertellingen die korter zijn dan romans maar langer dan korte verhalen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Úsese para cuentos cortos en prosa populares en el Renacimiento y para narraciones en prosa posteriores que se ubican entre la novela y el cuento breve. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 指文藝復興時期流行的短篇散文體故事，並指後來介於長篇小說與短篇故事之間的散文體記敘文。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
definition: An extended fictional prose narrative that is longer than a short story, but not quite as long as a novel. We might arbitrarily assign an approximate length of 20,000-50,000 words. Early prototypes include the Decameron of Boccaccio, the Cento Novelle Antiche, and the Heptameron of Marguerite of Valois. English examples include Henry James's Daisy Miller and The Turn of the Screw, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, and Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Note that some scholars in previous generations distinguished between what they called the novella (short stories in Italian, French, and German that served as later influences on English prose) and the novelette (English extended prose narratives longer than a short story but not quite as long as a novel.) Today, most American critics use the two terms interchangeably.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms n.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

NURSERYRHYME
type: literary genre
label: nurseryrhyme
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Tales in rhymed verse for children. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Eine Geschichte für Kinder in gereimten Versen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Kinderverhaaltjes op rijm. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Cuentos en verso rimado para niños. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 以兒童為對象，用押韻詩文講述的故事。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202593
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

OBITUARY
type: literary genre
label: obituary
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Obituary poetry, in the broad sense, includes any poem that commemorates a person or group of people's death: an elegy. In its stricter sense, though, it refers to a genre of popular verse or folk poetry that had its greatest popularity in the nineteenth century, especially in the United States of America. The genre consists largely of sentimental narrative verse that tells the story of the demise of its typically named subjects, and seeks to console their mourners with descriptions of their happy afterlife. The genre achieved its peak of popularity in the decade of the 1870s. While usually full chiefly of conventional pious sentiments, the obituary poets in one sense continue the program of meditations on death begun by the eighteenth-century graveyard poets, such as Edward Young's Night Thoughts, and as such continue one of the themes that went into literary Romanticism.
derived from: Obituary poetry
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Published notices of a death, usually with a brief biography of the deceased. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Veröffentlichte Anzeige eines Todesfalles, enthält in der Regel eine Kurzbiografie des Verstorbenen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Overlijdensberichten aangevuld met een korte levensbeschrijving van de overledene. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Noticias publicadas sobre un deceso, generalmente con una breve biografía del difunto. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 刊載的死亡通知，通常附有往生者的簡短生平。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026443
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

OCCASIONALPOETRY
type: literary genre
label: occasional poetry
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Occasional poetry is poetry composed for a particular occasion. In the history of literature, it is often studied in connection with orality, performance, and patronage.
definition: Der Ausdruck Gelegenheitsdichtung (Casualpoesie sowie parallele Wortbildungen auf -lyrik) bezeichnet in der Literaturwissenschaft Dichtung, die meist unter kommerziellen Gesichtspunkten auf einen speziellen Anlass hin verfasst wird (Gelegenheitsschrift). Goethe verwendet in Dichtung und Wahrheit und in den Gesprächen mit Eckermann den Ausdruck „Gelegenheitsgedicht“ auch in einem weniger abschätzigen Sinn für Gedichte, die sich der Inspiration eines Augenblicks verdanken, der nun im Gedicht festgehalten ist. @de
derived from: Occasional poetry
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
broader transitive: POETRY

ODE
type: literary genre
label: ode
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Lyric poems of exalted emotion devoted to the praise or celebration of its subject; often employing complex or irregular metrical form.
definition: Geëxalteerde lyrische gedichten waarin een verheven onderwerp wordt bezongen, vaak met gebruikmaking van complexe of onregelmatige metrische patronen. @nl
definition: Poemas líricos de sentimientos elevados destinados al elogio o celebración del tema tratado, a menudo empleando formas métricas complejas o irregulares. @es
definition: Lyrisches Gedicht von erhabener Haltung zur Ehre oder Feier seines Gegenstandes; häufig in komplexer oder unregelmäßiger metrischer Form. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300253045
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: A long, often elaborate stanzaic poem of varying line lengths and sometimes intricate rhyme schemes dealing with a serious subject matter and treating it reverently. The ode is usually much longer than the song or lyric, but usually not as long as the epic poem. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specific subject. For instance, "Ode to the West Wind" is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Keats has a clever inversion of this convention in "Ode on a Grecian Urn," in which his choice of the preposition on implies the poem actually exists in the artwork on the urn itself, rather than as a separate piece of literary art in his poetry. Classical odes are often divided by tone, with Pindaric odes being heroic and ecstatic and Horatian odes being cool, detached, and balanced with criticism. Andrew Marvell's "Upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland" is an example of a Horatian ode.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms o.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ONEACTPLAY
type: literary genre
label: one act play
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

OPERA
type: literary genre
label: opera
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

ORATORIO
type: literary genre
label: oratorio
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

ORIENTAL
type: literary genre
label: oriental
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

PAGEANT
type: literary genre
label: pageant
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

PANEGYRIC
type: literary genre
label: panegyric
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A speech or poem designed to praise another person or group. In ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric, it was one branch of public speaking, with established rules and conventions found in the works of Menander and Hermogenes. Famous examples include Pliny's eulogy on Emperor Trajan and Isocrates' oration on the Olympic games of 380.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms p.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

PANTOMIME
type: literary genre
label: pantomime
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

PARABLE
type: literary genre
label: parable
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Short, fictitious stories that illustrate a moral attitude or religious principle.
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor korte, verzonnen verhalen waarin een moreel standpunt of religieus principe wordt toegelicht. @nl
definition: Úsese para relatos cortos imaginarios que ilustran una actitud moral o un principio religioso. @es
definition: Kurze, fiktive Geschichte, die eine moralische Haltung oder ein religiöses Prinzip veranschaulicht. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300185342
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Une parabole (du grec παραϐολή, « rapprochement, comparaison ») est une des variétés de l’allégorie. La parabole est une figure de rhétorique consistant en une courte histoire qui utilise les événements quotidiens pour illustrer un enseignement, une morale ou une doctrine. Tandis que celle-ci, en général, présente directement le fait qu’elle a en vue, la parabole offre, sous ses couleurs véritables, un fait qui doit servir à la démonstration d’une vérité d’un autre ordre, avec laquelle elle a une relation plus ou moins facile à saisir. « Substituez dans la parabole, dit l’abbé Girard, le véritable fait à celui qu’elle expose, vous changerez le fond du discours : substituez dans l’allégorie les véritables couleurs à celles qu’elle emprunte, vous ne changerez que la forme. » On la trouve également dans le discours argumentatif lorsqu’un récit illustre la thèse défendue pour faciliter la compréhension du lecteur. La parabole est également un récit allégorique qui permet de dispenser un enseignement moral ou religieux. Présente dans la Bible où elle joue le rôle de l’apologue et de la fable, surtout les Évangiles, qui l'ont empruntée au midrash hébreu, la parabole est reprise dans les sermons des orateurs chrétiens. Le Nouveau Testament en contient un très grand nombre : le grain de sénevé ou l’Église, le Bon Samaritain ou l’amour de l’humanité, le levain ou la grâce, les loups ravisseurs sous des peaux d’agneaux ou les instituteurs de fausses doctrines, le travail des ouvriers de la vigne ou les œuvres du salut, le mauvais riche ou l’obligation de l’aumône, le bon pasteur, etc. Les paraboles sont plus fréquentes encore dans la littérature bouddhique ; les Avadanas, le Hitopadekas donnent à peine l’idée des recueils plus vastes dont ils sont extraits et dont l’un s’appelle le Yu-Lin, c’est-à-dire la « Forêt de comparaisons». Dans les littératures modernes, les Allemands ont surtout cultivé la parabole ; Lessing, Herder, Krummacher y ont particulièrement réussi. Dans le … @fr
derived from: Parable
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Short, fictitious stories that illustrate a moral attitude or religious principle. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Kurze, fiktive Geschichte, die eine moralische Haltung oder ein religiöses Prinzip veranschaulicht. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Úsese para relatos cortos imaginarios que ilustran una actitud moral o un principio religioso. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Wordt gebruikt voor korte, verzonnen verhalen waarin een moreel standpunt of religieus principe wordt toegelicht. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: (Greek: "throwing beside" or "placing beside"): A story or short narrative designed to reveal allegorically some religious principle, moral lesson, psychological reality, or general truth. Rather than using abstract discussion, a parable always teaches by comparison with real or literal occurrences--especially "homey" everyday occurrences a wide number of people can relate to. Well-known examples of parables include those found in the synoptic Gospels, such as "The Prodigal Son" and "The Good Samaritan." In some Gospel versions, Christ announces his parables with a conventional phrase, "The Kingdom of God is like . . . ." Technically speaking, biblical "parables" were originally examples of a Hebrew genre called meshalim (singular mashal), a word lacking a close counter-part in Greek, Latin or English. Meshalim in Hebrew refer to "mysterious speech," i.e., spiritual riddles or enigmas the speaker couches in story-form. Thus, in Matthew 13:11 and Mark 4:11-12, Christ states that he speaks in parables so that outsiders will not be able to understand his teachings. It is only late in the Greek New Testament that these meshalim are conflated with parables or allegorical readings designed for ease of understanding. Non-religious works can be parables as well. For example, Melville's Billy Budd demonstrates that absolute good--such as the impressionable, naive young sailor--may not co-exist with absolute evil--the villain Claggart. Cf. fable, allegory, and symbolism, or click here for a PDF handout discussing the differences between these terms.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms p.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

PARATEXTS
type: literary genre
label: paratexts
label: paratextes @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

PARODY
type: literary genre
label: parody
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A parody (/ˈpærədi/; also called spoof, send-up, take-off or lampoon), in use, is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work, its subject, author, style, or some other target, by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, "parody … is imitation, not always at the expense of the parodied text." Another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as "any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice."Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music (although "parody" in music has an earlier, somewhat different meaning than for other art forms), animation, gaming and film. The writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche ("a composition in another artist's manner, without satirical intent") and burlesque (which "fools around with the material of high literature and adapts it to low ends"). Meanwhile, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot distinguishes between the parody and the burlesque, "A good parody is a fine amusement, capable of amusing and instructing the most sensible and polished minds; the burlesque is a miserable buffoonery which can only please the populace." Historically, when a formula grows tired, as in the case of the moralistic melodramas in the 1910s, it retains value only as a parody, as demonstrated by the Buster Keaton shorts that mocked that genre. In his 1960 anthology of parody from the 14th through 20th centuries, critic Dwight Macdonald offered this metaphor: "Parody is making a new wine that tastes like the old but has a slightly lethal effect."
definition: La parodie est une forme d'humour qui utilise le cadre, les personnages, le style et le fonctionnement d'une œuvre ou une institution pour s'en moquer. Elle se base entre autres sur l'inversion et l'exagération des caractéristiques appartenant au sujet parodié. Selon Dominique Maingueneau, la parodie constitue une « stratégie de réinvestissement d'un texte ou d'un genre de discours dans d'autres » : il s'agit d'une stratégie de « subversion », visant à disqualifier l'auteur du texte ou du genre source, tandis que la stratégie opposée (la « captation », imitation positive) permet de « transférer sur le discours réinvestisseur l'autorité attachée au texte ou au genre source ». @fr
definition: Eine Parodie (griechisch παρῳδία parōdía „Gegenlied“ oder „verstellt gesungenes Lied“) ist eine verzerrende, übertreibende oder verspottende Nachahmung. @de
definition: La parodia (del griego, παρώδïα, παρα, en contra de o al lado de, y ώδή, oda) es una obra satírica que caracteriza o interpreta humorísticamente otra obra de arte, un autor o un tema, mediante la emulación o alusión irónica. Modernamente, la parodia no implica necesariamente la burla del texto parodiado. En el sentido de en contra del canto, la parodia se refiere a imitaciones burlonas de la forma de cantar o recitar, mientras en el real sentido de al lado del canto implica repetición con diferencia, sin necesariamente burla. La parodia existe en todos los géneros, incluyendo la literatura, la música , el cine y la televisión. Un acontecimiento político, social o cultural puede ser asimismo parodiado. La parodia es la recreación de un personaje o un hecho, empleando recursos irónicos para emitir una opinión generalmente transgresora sobre la persona o el acontecimiento parodiado. @es
definition: Een parodie of persiflage is een spottende nabootsing van een gedicht, lied, film, toneelstuk, verhaal of andere uiting. Vaak worden hierbij herkenbare eigenschappen van het origineel overdreven of uitvergroot. @nl
derived from: Parody
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: (Greek: "beside, subsidiary, or mock song"): A parody imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work in order to make fun of those same features. The humorist achieves parody by exaggerating certain traits common to the work, much as a caricaturist creates a humorous depiction of a person by magnifying and calling attention to the person's most noticeable features. The term parody is often used synonymously with the more general term spoof, which makes fun of the general traits of a genre rather than one particular work or author. Often the subject-matter of a parody is comically inappropriate, such as using the elaborate, formal diction of an epic to describe something trivial like washing socks or cleaning a dusty attic. Aristotle attributes the first Greek parody to Hegemon of Thasos in The Poetics, though other writings credit the playwright Hipponax with the first creation of theatrical parody. Aristophanes makes use of parody in The Frogs (in which he mocks the style of Euripides and Aeschylus). Plato also caricatures the style of various writers in the Symposium. In the Middle Ages, the first well-known English parody is Chaucer's "Sir Thopas," and Chaucer is himself the basis of parodies written by Alexander Pope and W. W. Skeat. Cervantes creates a parody of medieval romance in Don Quixote. Rabelais creates parodies of similar material in Gargantua and Pantagruel. Erasmus parodies medieval scholastic writings in Moriae Encomium. In Shamela (1741), Henry Fielding makes a parody of Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela by turning the virtuous serving girl into a spirited and sexually ambitious character who merely uses coyness and false chasteness as a tool for snagging a husband. In Joseph Andews (1742), Henry Fielding again parodies Samuel Richardson's novel Pamela, this time by replacing Richardson's sexually beleaguered heroine, Pamela, with a hearty male hero who must defend his virtue from the sexually voracious Lady Bo…
derived from: lit terms p.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

PASTORAL
type: literary genre
label: pastoral
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Genre that depicts or evokes idyllic life in the country; in works of pictorial art, often scenes of shepherds and shepherdesses in idealized arcadian landscapes. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Género que representa o evoca la vida idilica en un país; en obras de arte pictórico, a menudo escenas de pastores o pastoras en paisajes rurales idealizados. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Genre dat het idyllische leven op het platteland oproept of afbeeldt; vaak scènes in beeldende kunstwerken met herders en herderinnetjes in geïdealiseerde arcadische landschappen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 描繪或令人憶起鄉村田園詩情畫意般生活的藝術類型。在繪畫作品中，常常是在理想化的阿卡笛亞(古希臘傳說的聖地)田園風景中，有牧羊人與牧羊女的場景。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300250491
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: (Latin pastor, "shepherd"): An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealized shepherds' lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly, rural people in nature-centered activities. The Greek Theocritus (316-260 BCE) first used the convention in his Idylls, though pastoral compositions also appear in Roman literature, in Shakespeare's plays, and in the writings of the Romantic poets. Typically, pastoral liturgy depicts beautiful scenery, carefree shepherds, seductive nymphs, and rural songs and dances. Conventional names for the shepherds and nymphs come from bastardized Latin nicknames such as Mopsy, Flopsy, and Dorcas (from Mopsius, Doricas, etc.). See also pastoral elegy under elegy. PASTORALDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms p.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

PEDAGOGY
type: literary genre
label: pedagogy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

PERFORMANCEPOETRY
type: literary genre
label: performance poetry
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Performance poetry is poetry that is specifically composed for or during a performance before an audience. During the 1980s, the term came into popular usage to describe poetry written or composed for performance rather than print distribution.
definition: La lecture performée ou lecture-performance est une lecture publique de textes poétiques ou littéraires effectuée le plus souvent par son auteur dans un esprit qui s'apparente à celui de la performance et qui peut convoquer tous les arts et techniques du théâtre et de la scène où la poésie et la littérature sont cependant toujours au premier plan. Christian Prigent, Serge Pey et Charles Pennequin en sont les premiers représentants. Édith Azam est aujourd'hui la conseillère lecture-performance au festival Voix de la Méditerranée de Lodève. @fr
derived from: Performance poetry
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
broader transitive: POETRY

PERIODICAL
type: literary genre
label: periodical
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Publications issued at regular intervals, but not daily, containing articles on various subjects by different authors for the general reader. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Regelmäßige, jedoch nicht tägliche, Veröffenlichung, mit Artikeln zu verschiedenen Themen von verschiedenen Autoren für die allgemeine Öffentlichkeit. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Publicaciones editadas en intervalos regulares de más de un día. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Publikaties die regelmatig worden uitgegeven met tussenpozen van meer dan één dag. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026657
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

PETITION
type: literary genre
label: petition
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Includes any written requests and lists of signatures submitted to an authority to appeal for the performance of specific action. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Incluye toda solicitud escrita y listas de firmas entregadas a una autoridad para pedir la realización de una acción específica. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Hieronder vallen alle mogelijke verzoekschriften en handtekeningenlijsten die aan een bevoegde autoriteit worden uitgereikt, en waarin om het nemen of nalaten van een of andere maatregel wordt verzocht Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 任何呈交給當局附署名列表的書面請求，用於懇求當局履行特定行動。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300027219
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

PHILOSOPHICAL
type: literary genre
label: philosophical
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

PHILOSOPHY
type: literary genre
label: philosophy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: (Greek, "Love of wisdom"): The methodical and systematic exploration of what we know, how we know it, and why it is important that we know it. Too frequently, students use the term somewhat nebulously. They often mistakenly state, "My philosophy about X is . . ." when they really mean, "My opinion about X is . . ." or "My attitude toward X is . . ." Traditional areas of Western philosophic inquiry include the following areas.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms p.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

PICARESQUE
type: literary genre
label: picaresque
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: The picaresque novel (Spanish: "picaresca," from "pícaro," for "rogue" or "rascal") is a genre of prose fiction which depicts the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his wits in a corrupt society. Picaresque novels typically adopt a realistic style, with elements of comedy and satire. This style of novel originated in 16th-century Spain and flourished throughout Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It continues to influence modern literature. According to the traditional view of Thrall and Hibbard (first published in 1936), seven qualities distinguish the picaresque novel or narrative form, all or some of which may be employed for effect by the author. (1) A picaresque narrative is usually written in first person as an autobiographical account. (2) The main character is often of low character or social class. He or she gets by with wit and rarely deigns to hold a job. (3) There is no plot. The story is told in a series of loosely connected adventures or episodes. (4) There is little if any character development in the main character. Once a picaro, always a picaro. His or her circumstances may change but they rarely result in a change of heart. (5) The picaro's story is told with a plainness of language or realism. (6) Satire might sometimes be a prominent element. (7) The behavior of a picaresque hero or heroine stops just short of criminality. Carefree or immoral rascality positions the picaresque hero as a sympathetic outsider, untouched by the false rules of society. However, Trall and Hibbert's thesis has been questioned by scholars[specify] interested in how genre functions, rather than how it looks on the surface.
definition: Le roman picaresque (de l'espagnol pícaro, « misérable », « futé ») est un genre littéraire né en Espagne au XVIe siècle et qui a connu sa plus florissante époque dans ce pays. Un roman picaresque se compose d'un récit sur le mode autobiographique de l’histoire de héros miséreux, généralement des jeunes gens vivant en marge de la société et à ses dépens. Au cours d’aventures souvent extravagantes supposées plus pittoresques et surtout plus variées que celles des honnêtes gens, qui sont autant de prétextes à présenter des tableaux de la vie vulgaire et des scènes de mœurs, le héros entre en contact avec toutes les couches de la société. @fr
definition: Der Schelmenroman oder pikarischer/pikaresker Roman (aus dem Spanischen: pícaro = Schelm) , dessen Ursprung im 16. Jahrhundert in Spanien liegt, schildert aus der Perspektive seines Helden, wie sich dieser in einer Reihe von Abenteuern durchs Leben schlägt. Der Schelm stammt aus den unteren gesellschaftlichen Schichten, ist deshalb ungebildet, aber „bauernschlau“. Er durchläuft alle gesellschaftlichen Schichten und wird zu deren Spiegel. Der Held hat keinen Einfluss auf die Geschehnisse um ihn herum, schafft es aber immer wieder, sich aus allen brenzligen Situationen zu retten. Traditionell ist der Schelmenroman eine (fingierte) Autobiographie. Sie beginnt oft mit einer Desillusionierung des Helden, der die Schlechtigkeit der Welt erst hier erkennt. Er begibt sich, sei es freiwillig, sei es unfreiwillig, auf Reisen. Die dabei erlebten Abenteuer sind episodenhaft, d. h. sie hängen nicht voneinander ab und können beliebig erweitert werden, was bei Übersetzungen oft der Fall war. Das Ende ist meist eine „Bekehrung“ des Schelms, nach der er zu einem geregelten Leben findet. Es besteht auch die Möglichkeit einer Flucht aus der Welt, also aus der Realität. @de
definition: Novela picaresca es un género literario narrativo en prosa muy característico de la literatura española, aunque trascendió a la europea en general. Surgió en los años de transición entre el Renacimiento y el Barroco, durante el llamado Siglo de Oro de las letras españolas. @es
definition: De schelmenroman is een literair genre dat in Spanje ontstond in de 16e en 17e eeuw. Schelmenromans worden ook picareske romans genoemd (naar het Spaanse picaro, dat schelm betekent). De schelmenroman is een subtype van de roman. @nl
derived from: Picaresque novel
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms p.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

PINDARIC
type: literary genre
label: pindaric
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

POETRY
type: literary genre
label: poetry
label: poésie @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
definition: La poésie est un genre littéraire très ancien aux formes variées, écrites généralement en vers, mais qui admettent aussi la prose, et qui privilégient l'expressivité de la forme, les mots disant plus qu'eux-mêmes par leur choix (sens et sonorités) et leur agencement (rythmes, métrique, figures de style). Sa définition se révèle difficile et varie selon les époques, au point que chaque siècle a pu lui trouver une fonction et une expression différente, à quoi s'ajoute l'approche propre à la personnalité de chaque poète. Le terme « poésie » et ses dérivés viennent du grec ancien ποίησις, et s'écrivait, jusqu'en 1878 poësie (le tréma marquait une disjonction entre les voyelles o et e). ποιεῖν (poiein) signifie « faire, créer » : le poète est donc un créateur, un inventeur de formes expressives, ce que révèlent aussi les termes du Moyen Âge, comme trouvère et troubadour. Le poète, héritier d'une longue tradition orale, privilégie la musicalité et le rythme, d'où, dans la plupart des textes poétiques, le recours à une forme versifiée qui confère de la densité à la langue. Le poète recherche aussi l'expressivité par le poids accordé aux mots comme par l'utilisation des figures de style et au premier chef des images et des figures d'analogie, recherchées pour leur force suggestive. La poésie s'est constamment renouvelée au cours des siècles avec des orientations différentes selon les époques, les civilisations et les individus. On peut par exemple distinguer le poète artiste soucieux d'abord de beauté formelle, le poète « lyrique » qui cultive le « chant de l'âme », le poète prophète, découvreur du monde et « voyant » ou le poète engagé, sans cependant réduire un créateur à une étiquette simplificatrice. @fr
definition: Das Wort Poesie (von gr. ποίησις poiesis, „Erschaffung“) bezeichnet erstens einen Textbereich, dessen Produktion traditionell nach den poetischen Gattungen geteilt wird. Nach Aristotelischer Poetik (so das Wort für die Theorie der Poesie) sind dies Drama, Epos und kleinere lyrische Gattungen. Im Deutschen wird seit dem 19. Jahrhundert eher von Literatur und literarischen Gattungen gesprochen. Allenfalls kurze Gedichte behielten das Wort, so etwa im Falle des Poesiealbums. Der Begriff bezeichnet im übertragenen Sinn ferner eine bestimmte Qualität. So spricht man etwa von der „Poesie eines Moments“ oder einem „poetischen Film“ und meint damit in der Regel, dass von dem Bezeichneten eine sich der Sprache entziehende, oder über sie hinausgehende Wirkung ausgeht, etwas Stilles, ähnlich wie von einem Gedicht, das eine sich der Alltagssprache entziehende Wirkung entfaltet. @de
definition: La poesía (del griego ποίησις 'acción, creación; adopción; fabricación; composición, poesía; poema' ποιέω 'hacer, fabricar; engendrar, dar a luz; obtener; causar; crear') se define como un género literario considerado como una manifestación de la belleza o del sentimiento estético por medio de la palabra, en verso o en prosa. Los griegos entendían que podría haber tres tipos de poesía, la lírica o canción cantada con acompañamiento de lira o arpa de mano, que es el significado que luego se generalizó para la palabra, incluso sin música; la dramática o teatral y la épica o narrativa. Por eso se suele entender generalmente hoy como poesía la poesía lírica. También es encuadrable como una «modalidad textual» (esto es, como un tipo de texto). Es frecuente, en la actualidad, utilizar el término «poesía» como sinónimo de «poesía lírica» o de «lírica», aunque, desde un punto de vista histórico y cultural, esta es un subgénero o subtipo de la poesía. @es
definition: Poëzie of dichtkunst (van het Griekse 'poiesis'/ποίησις: maken, scheppen, vormen) is een vorm van literatuur die de esthetische en ritmische eigenschappen van taal zoals metrum en geluidssymboliek benut om betekenissen te genereren ter aanvulling, vervanging of ondermijning van de prozaïsche, ogenschijnlijke betekenis. Poëzie heeft een lange geschiedenis die teruggaat tot het Soemerische epos Gilgamesj. Vroege gedichten ontwikkelden zich uit volksliederen zoals de Chinese Sjijing, of uit de noodzaak om orale epiek steeds opnieuw te vertellen, zoals in de Veda's uit het Sanskriet, het Zoroastrische Gathas en de Homerische epossen Ilias en Odyssee. Antieke pogingen om poëzie te omschrijven, zoals de Poetica van Aristoteles, benadrukten het spraakgebruik in retorica, drama, lied en komedie. Latere pogingen concentreerden zich op kenmerken als herhaling, versvorm en rijm en benadrukten de esthetica die poëzie onderscheidt van meer objectief informatieve, prozaïsche vormen van schrift. Vanaf het midden der twintigste eeuw wordt de dichtkunst soms meer algemeen beschouwd als een wezenlijk creatieve handeling waarbij taal gebruikt wordt. In poëzie worden vormen en conventies gebruikt om een andere interpretatie van woorden te suggereren, of om een gevoelsmatige respons teweeg te brengen. Middelen zoals assonantie, alliteratie, onomatopeeën en ritme worden soms gebruikt om bezwerende of muzikale effecten te bereiken. Het gebruik van ambiguïteit, symboliek, ironie en andere stilistische elementen van de poëtische voordracht maken vaak een veelheid van interpretaties mogelijk. Op dezelfde wijze schept beeldspraak zoals metafoor, vergelijking (al dan niet Homerisch) en metonymie resonantie tussen anderszins ongelijksoortige beelden - een gelaagdheid van betekenissen waarbij niet eerder waargenomen connecties worden gevormd. Tussen individuele versregels kunnen verwante vormen van resonantie aanwezig zijn in hun patronen van rijm of ritme. De genoegens die de poëzie aan lezer o… @nl
derived from: Poetry
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Literary and oral genre rooted in the compressed and cogent imaginative awareness or associations of experiences, ideas, or emotional responses and arranged under an organized criterion of meaning, conscious and unconscious expression, symbolism, formal or informal pattern, sound, and rhythm. The genre encompasses narrative, dramatic, satiric, didactic, erotic, and personal forms. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Género literario y oral arraigado en la conciencia imaginativa comprimida o profunda o asociaciones de experiencias, ideas o respuestas emocionales y dispuestas bajo un criterio organizado de significancia, expresión conciente o inconciente, simbolismo, modelo formal o informal, sonido o ritmo. El género abarca formas narrativas, dramáticas, satíricas, didácticas, eróticas y personales. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Literair en mondeling genre dat is voortgekomen uit het verdichte en uiterst fantasierijke bewustzijn of associatievermogen waarin ervaringen, ideeën of emotionele reacties figureren, en dat is gestructureerd door criteria voor betekenis, bewuste en onbewuste expressie, symboliek, formele of informele patronen, geluid en ritme. Het genre kent verhalende, dramatische, satirische, didactische, erotische en persoonlijke vormen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055931
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: A variable literary genre characterized by rhythmical patterns of language. These patterns typically consist of patterns of meter (regular patterns of high and low stress), syllabification (the number of syllables in each line of text), rhyme, alliteration, or combinations of these elements. The poem typically involves figurative language such as schemes and tropes, and the poem may bend (or outright break) the conventions of normal communicative speech in the attempt to embody an original idea or convey a linguistic experience. Many modern students mistakenly believe that rhyme is the dominant feature separating poetry from prose (non-poetic) writings. However, rhyme is actually a fairly recent addition to poetry. In classical Greece and Rome, meter was the trait that separated poetry from prose.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms p.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

POLEMIC
type: literary genre
label: polemic
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Aggressive, forcefully presented arguments, often disputing a policy or opinion.
definition: Agressieve, scherp geformuleerde twistgeschriften, waarin dikwijls een beleid of een mening wordt betwist. @nl
definition: Argumentos presentados en forma agresiva y enérgica, a menudo para discutir una política u opinión. @es
definition: Scharfes und mit Nachdruck vorgebrachtes Argument, das häufig gegen eine bestimmte Politik oder Meinung gerichtet ist. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300252982
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Le terme de polémique (du grec πολεμικός, polêmikôs « qui concerne la guerre », « disposé à la guerre », polêmikon museion, musée de la guerre, « batailleur, querelleur ») désigne une discussion, un débat, une controverse qui traduit de façon violente ou passionnée, et le plus souvent par écrit, des opinions contraires sur toutes espèces de sujets (politique, scientifique, littéraire, religieux, etc.). Il fait aujourd'hui l'objet d'emplois multiples. @fr
derived from: Polemic
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Aggressive, forcefully presented arguments, often disputing a policy or opinion. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Scharfes und mit Nachdruck vorgebrachtes Argument, das häufig gegen eine bestimmte Politik oder Meinung gerichtet ist. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Argumentos presentados en forma agresiva y enérgica, a menudo para discutir una política u opinión. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Agressieve, scherp geformuleerde twistgeschriften, waarin dikwijls een beleid of een mening wordt betwist. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl

POLITICALWRITING
type: literary genre
label: political writing
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

POPULAR
type: literary genre
label: popular
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Visual arts produced by or for the general public, often reflecting fads and as a response to the daily environment; works produced for mass audiences as distinct from fine art and folk art. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300311927
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

PRAYER
type: literary genre
label: prayer
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Documents containing prayers that are associated with donning official priestly vestments or transfer of vestments, most commonly in Christian contexts.
definition: Gebed dat de priester uitspreekt bij het aantrekken van een liturgisch gewaad en bij de overhandiging van de liturgische gewaden bij de priesterwijding. Het gebed staat soms ingelijst in de sacristie, bijvoorbeeld op de credens. @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300391080
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

PREFATORYPIECE
type: literary genre
label: prefatory piece
label: préfixe @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

PROLETARIANWRITING
type: literary genre
label: proletarianwriting
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

PROLOGUE
type: literary genre
label: prologue
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: (1) In original Greek tragedy, the prologue was either the action or a set of introductory speeches before the first entry (parados) of the chorus. Here, a single actor's monologue or a dialogue between two actors would establish the play's background events. (2) In later literature, a prologue is a section of any introductory material before the first chapter or the main material of a prose work, or any such material before the first stanza of a poetic work.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms p.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

PROPAGANDA
type: literary genre
label: propaganda
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to support one cause or individual or to damage another. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Ideas, hechos o alegatos difundidos deliberadamente para soportar una causa o individuo o para dañar a otro. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Ideeën, feiten of beweringen die met opzet zijn verspreid om het ene doel of individu te ondersteunen en het andere te schaden. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 蓄意傳播思想、事實、主張以支持或詆毀某個理想或個人。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055539
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: (Latin, "things that must be sent forth"): In its original use, the term referred to a committee of cardinals the Roman Catholic church founded in 1622 (the Congregatio de propaganda fide). This group established specific educational materials to be sent with priests-in-training for foreign missions . The term is today used to refer to information, rumors, ideas, and artwork spread deliberately to help or harm another specific group, movement, belief, institution, or government. The term's connotations are mostly negative. When literature or journalism is propaganda and when it is not is hotly debated. For instance, the Roman Emperor Augustus commissioned Virgil to write The Aeneid for specific goals. He wanted Virgil to glorify Rome's greatness, instill public pride in Rome's past, and cultivate traditional Roman virtues such as loyalty to the family, the Empire, and the gods. Is this propaganda? Or patriotism? Typically, readers claim a work is propaganda when it sets forth an argument with which they personally disagree. In other cases, readers will call a work propagandistic if they can perceive that the characters or the author advances particular doctrines or principles. Harry Shaw notes: "Propaganda is attacked by most critics and general readers because it is an attempt to influence opinions and actions deliberately, but by this definition all education and most literature are propagandistic" (220).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms p.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

PROPHECY
type: literary genre
label: prophecy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Prophecy involves a process in which one or more messages allegedly communicated to a prophet are then communicated to other people. Such messages typically involve] inspiration, interpretation, or revelation of events to come (compare divine knowledge). Historically, clairvoyance has been used[by whom?] as an adjunct to prophecy.
definition: Dans les religions abrahamiques, une consiste en des paroles ou des écrits divinement inspirés qu'une personne reçoit par révélation. Pour les chrétiens, le témoignage de Jésus est l'esprit de la prophétie (Apocalypse 19:10). Une prophétie peut avoir trait au passé, au présent ou à l'avenir. Quand une personne prophétise, elle dit ou écrit ce que Dieu veut qu'elle sache, pour son propre bien ou pour le bien des autres. La prophétie n'est pas l'apanage des prophètes. Une personne peut recevoir une prophétie ou une révélation pour sa vie personnelle. @fr
definition: Als Prophezeiung – auch Weissagung oder Verheißung – bezeichnet man in religiösen Kontexten eine Prognose von Ereignissen in der Zukunft. Der Oberbegriff für gesammelte mündliche oder schriftliche Prophezeiungen, meist einer Einzelperson, ist Prophetie. Dieser Ausdruck stammt vom altgriechischen propheteía für „aussprechen“, „aussagen“ oder „für jemanden sprechen“ (altgriechisch φηµί phēmí „ich spreche“; pro „für, heraus, anstelle“). Prophezeiungen kommen in vielen Religionen in unterschiedlichsten Zusammenhängen, aus verschiedenen Anlässen und aufgrund verschiedener Empfangsweisen der prophezeiten Botschaft vor. Die altorientalischen Kulte kennen vielfältige Arten von Orakeln, regelmäßigen Befragungen an Opferstätten oder vor Schlachten, ekstatischen Ausnahmebotschaften, Traumvisionen, als Prophezeiung gedeuteten Medien wie Tierorganen, Vogelflug, Verzückung oder Audition usw. Die klassische Schriftprophetie im Judentum kennt solche Formen jedoch kaum. Hier bildet in der Regel eine Berufung eines Propheten durch den Gott Israels Ausgangspunkt von Wortbotschaften, die sich auf die Geschichte Gesamtisraels beziehen. Im Christentum werden Prophezeiungen seit der Jerusalemer Urgemeinde erwähnt. In der Folgezeit sind Prophezeiungen ein beliebtes Thema der Literatur geworden. In den Geschichtswissenschaften wird eine Prophezeiung auch als Vatizinium (Plural „Vatizinien“; von lateinisch vates „Weissager“, „Prophet“) bezeichnet. Insbesondere nennt man Prophezeiungen im Nachhinein Vaticinium ex eventu. @de
definition: Una profecía (del latín prophetīa, y este del griego προφητεία, o quizá del griego φαινος, aparición) es, en la primera acepción del Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española, un «don sobrenatural que consiste en conocer por inspiración divina las cosas distantes o futuras». Podría considerarse la existencia de diferencias entre los términos profecía y predicción. El Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española no marca límites tan precisos en el sentido de la palabra predicción, al señalar que predecir significa «anunciar por revelación, ciencia o conjetura algo que ha de suceder». Por lo tanto, la predicción puede involucrar un don sobrenatural, un proceso lógico-racional, o un juicio más o menos subjetivo basado en indicios u observaciones. Por el contrario, la mayoría de las acepciones del citado diccionario referidas a la palabra profecía señalan que se trataría de un «don sobrenatural», es decir, que sería «inspirada por Dios». Así, se sitúa a las profecías mayormente en el ámbito de la fe, sin ligarlas necesariamente a un razonamiento en la previsión del resultado predicho. En grados diversos y formas variables, las religiones de la antigüedad hicieron referencia a hombres «inspirados» que afirmaban hablar en nombre de su dios.Pero en las grandes religiones monoteístas (judaísmo, cristianismo, islam), las manifestaciones extraordinarias nunca constituyen lo esencial en los profetas, que se distinguen claramente de otros exaltados o simuladores por tener simplemente carácter de mensajeros. Las profecías eran, pues, consideradas simples indicadores del designio de Dios. Hasta la fecha, más allá de las evidencias científicas que puedan o no resultar suficientes para unos u otros, muchos seguidores de estas grandes religiones históricas afirman que, en buena medida, las profecías de sus libros sagrados se han cumplido. @es
definition: Het woord profetie is afgeleid van het Griekse woord propheteía, dat uitspreken of voor iemand anders spreken betekent. In algemene zin wordt met 'profetie' gewoonlijk een voorspellende uitspraak over gebeurtenissen in de toekomst bedoeld. @nl
derived from: Prophecy
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

PSALM
type: literary genre
label: psalm
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

PSYCHOANALYTICAL
type: literary genre
label: psychoanalytical
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

QUIZ
type: literary genre
label: quiz
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

RADIODRAMA
type: literary genre
label: radio drama
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

REALIST
type: literary genre
label: realist
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

REGIONAL
type: literary genre
label: regional
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms r.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

RELIGIOUS
type: literary genre
label: religious
label: religieux @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

REVIEW
type: literary genre
label: review
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

REVUE
type: literary genre
label: revue
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Periodicals, reports, or essays giving critical estimates and appraisals of art, a performance, or event. For other critical descriptions and analyses, prefer "criticism." Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Zeitschrift, Bericht oder Essay mit kritischen Urteilen und Einschätzungen zu Kunst, Theater oder Veranstaltungen. Für kritische Beschreibungen und Analysen anderer Art, siehe "Kritik". Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Informes o ensayos que dan una estimación crítica de un trabajo, desempeño o suceso relativamente reciente. Para otras descripciones críticas y otros análisis críticos, prefiera "crítica". Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Verslagen of essays die kritische beoordelingen geven van een relatief recent werk, voorstelling of gebeurtenis. Voor andere kritische beschrijvingen en analyses wordt de voorkeur gegeven aan 'kritieken' Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026480
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

RIDDLE
type: literary genre
label: riddle
label: énigme @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: (from Old English roedel, from roedan meaning "to give council" or "to read"): A universal form of literature in which a puzzling question or a conundrum is presented to the reader. The reader is often challenged to solve this enigma, which requires ingenuity in discovering the hidden meaning. A riddle may involve puns, symbolism, synecdoche, personification (especially prosopopoeia), or unusual imagery. For instance, a Norse riddle asks, "Tell me what I am. Thirty white horses round a red hill. First they champ. Then they stamp. Now they stand still." The answer is the speaker's teeth; these thirty white horses circle the "red hill" of the tongue; they champ and stamp while the riddler speaks, but stand still at the end of his riddle. Another famous example is the riddle of the sphinx from Sophocles' Oedipus Trilogy. The sphinx asks Oedipus, "What goes on four feet, on two feet, and then three. But the more feet it goes on, the weaker is he?" The answer is a human being, which crawls as an infant, walks erect on two feet as an adult, and totters on a staff (the third leg) in old age. The earliest known English riddles are recorded in the Exeter Book, and they probably date back to the 8th century. Examples, however, can be found in Greek, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, and Chinese, and many other languages. Authors of Anglo-Latin riddles include Aldhelm of Sherborne, Archbishop Tatwine of Canterbury, and Abbot Eusebius of Wearmouth. A large Renaissance collection can also be found in Nicolas Reusner's Aenigmatographia (1602).Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms r.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

ROMANCE
type: literary genre
label: romance
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Poetic or prosaic literary forms derived from medieval narratives of love, legendary or heroic adventures, and chivalry. Extends to narratives about important religious figures, or fantastic or supernatural events.
definition: Vertellingen in proza of versvorm, zich vaak afspelend in de middeleeuwen, waarin grootse, fantastische of bovennatuurlijke gebeurtenissen worden beschreven. @nl
definition: Narraciones en verso o prosa que relatan sucesos heroicos, fantásticos o sobrenaturales que a menudo transcurren en tiempos medievales. @es
definition: 描述英雄事蹟、幻想，或超自然事件的詩文或散文體記敘文，常設定於中世紀時期。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300191065
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Poetic or prosaic literary forms derived from medieval narratives of love, legendary or heroic adventures, and chivalry. Extends to narratives about important religious figures, or fantastic or supernatural events. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Narraciones en verso o prosa que relatan sucesos heroicos, fantásticos o sobrenaturales que a menudo transcurren en tiempos medievales. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Vertellingen in proza of versvorm, zich vaak afspelend in de middeleeuwen, waarin grootse, fantastische of bovennatuurlijke gebeurtenissen worden beschreven. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 描述英雄事蹟、幻想，或超自然事件的詩文或散文體記敘文，常設定於中世紀時期。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
definition: GOTHIC: See gothic novel ROMANCE,Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms r.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

SAGEWRITING
type: literary genre
label: sage writing
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Sage writing was a genre of creative nonfiction popular in the Victorian era. The concept originates with John Holloway's 1953 book The Victorian Sage: Studies in Argument. Sage writing is a development from ancient wisdom literature in which the writer chastises and instructs the reader about contemporary social issues, often utilizing discourses of philosophy, history, politics, and economics in non-technical ways. Prominent examples of the genre include writings by Thomas Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, John Ruskin, and Henry David Thoreau. Some 20th-century writers, such as Joan Didion and New Journalists such as Norman Mailer and Tom Wolfe, have also been identified as sage writers.
derived from: Sage writing
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.

SATIRE
type: literary genre
label: satire
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Literary compositions in verse or prose, or ideas expressed as the subjects of art works, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule.
definition: Literaire werken in versvorm of proza waarin menselijke dwaasheden en ondeugden op spottende wijze aan de kaak worden gesteld. @nl
definition: Composiciones literarias en verso o prosa en las cuales la locura y los vicios humanos son presentados con desprecio, escarnio o burla. @es
definition: Werk der Literatur in Versen oder in Prosa, oder eine in einem Kunstwerk ausgedrückte Idee, in denen menschliche Torheit oder Laster lächerlich gemacht oder mit Hohn und Spott überzogen werden. @de
definition: 指用韻文或散文創作之文學作品，作品凸顯人類的愚蠢與惡習，而加以奚落、嘲弄、或揶揄。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300251297
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Une satire est une œuvre dont l'objectif est une critique moqueuse de son sujet (des individus, des organisations, des États, etc.), souvent dans l'intention de provoquer, prévenir un changement ou de porter à réfléchir. On attribue généralement la paternité de ce genre littéraire (satura, c'est-à-dire pot-pourri) au poète archaïque latin Lucilius. @fr
derived from: Satire
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Literary compositions in verse or prose, or ideas expressed as the subjects of art works, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision, or ridicule. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Werk der Literatur in Versen oder in Prosa, oder eine in einem Kunstwerk ausgedrückte Idee, in denen menschliche Torheit oder Laster lächerlich gemacht oder mit Hohn und Spott überzogen werden. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Literaire werken in versvorm of proza waarin menselijke dwaasheden en ondeugden op spottende wijze aan de kaak worden gesteld. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Composiciones literarias en verso o prosa en las cuales la locura y los vicios humanos son presentados con desprecio, escarnio o burla. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 指用韻文或散文創作之文學作品，作品凸顯人類的愚蠢與惡習，而加以奚落、嘲弄、或揶揄。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
definition: An attack on or criticism of any stupidity or vice in the form of scathing humor, or a critique of what the author sees as dangerous religious, political, moral, or social standards. Satire became an especially popular technique used during the Enlightenment, in which it was believed that an artist could correct folly by using art as a mirror to reflect society. When people viewed the satire and saw their faults magnified in a distorted reflection, they could see how ridiculous their behavior was and then correct that tendency in themselves. The tradition of satire continues today. Popular cartoons such as The Simpsons and televised comedies like The Daily Show make use of it in modern media. Conventionally, formal satire involves a direct, first-person-address, either to the audience or to a listener mentioned within the work. An example of formal satire is Alexander Pope's Moral Essays. Indirect satire conventionally employs the form of a fictional narrative--such as Byron's Don Juan or Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Ridicule, irony, exaggeration, and similar tools are almost always used in satire. Horatian satire tends to focus lightly on laughter and ridicule, but it maintains a playful tone. Generally, the tone is sympathetic and good humored, somewhat tolerant of imperfection and folly even while expressing amusement at it. The name comes from the Roman poet Horace (65 BCE-8 CE), who preferred to ridicule human folly in general rather than condemn specific persons. In contrast, Juvenalian satire also uses withering invective, insults, and a slashing attack. The name comes from the Roman poet Juvenal (60-140 CE), who frequently employed the device, but the label is applied to British writers such as Swift and Pope as well. Compare with medieval estates satire and spoof.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms s.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

SCHOLARSHIP
type: literary genre
label: scholarship
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

SCHOOLFICTION
type: literary genre
label: school fiction
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

SCIENCEFICTION
type: literary genre
label: science fiction
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a "literature of ideas." It usually eschews the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have at least a faint grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection has become tenuous or non-existent in much of science fiction.
definition: La science-fiction est un genre narratif, principalement un genre littéraire et un genre cinématographique. Il est structuré par des hypothèses sur ce que pourrait être le futur ou ce qu'aurait pu être le présent voire le passé (planètes éloignées, mondes parallèles, uchronie...), en partant des connaissances actuelles (scientifiques, technologiques, ethnologiques...). Elle se distingue du fantastique qui inclut une dimension inexplicable et de la fantasy qui fait souvent intervenir la magie. @fr
definition: Science-Fiction [ˌsaɪəns ˈfɪkʃən̩] (engl. science „Wissenschaft“, fiction „Fiktion“) ist ein Genre der Literatur und des Films, aber auch anderer Bereiche wie etwa der bildenden Kunst oder der Videospiele, das den Einzelnen, die Gesellschaft oder die Umwelt in (oft radikal) alternativen Konstellationen betrachtet. Science-Fiction entwirft – häufig in die Zukunft verlegte, teilweise auch räumlich entfernte – Konstellationen des Möglichen und beschreibt deren Auswirkungen. Dabei werden reale wissenschaftliche und technische Möglichkeiten mit fiktionalen Spekulationen angereichert. @de
definition: Ciencia ficción es la denominación popular con que se conoce a uno de los géneros derivados de la literatura de ficción, junto con la literatura fantástica y la narrativa de terror. Nacida como subgénero literario distinguido en la década de 1920 (aunque hay obras reconocibles muy anteriores) y exportada posteriormente a otros medios, como el cinematográfico, historietístico y televisivo, gozó de un gran auge en la segunda mitad del sigloxx debido al interés popular acerca del futuro que despertó el espectacular avance tanto científico como tecnológico alcanzado durante todos estos años. Es un género especulativo que relata acontecimientos posibles desarrollados en un marco puramente imaginario, cuya verosimilitud se fundamenta narrativamente en los campos de las ciencias físicas, naturales y sociales. La acción puede girar en torno a un abanico grande de posibilidades (viajes interestelares, conquista del espacio, consecuencias de una hecatombe terrestre o cósmica, evolución humana a causa de mutaciones, evolución de los robots, realidad virtual, existencia de civilizaciones alienígenas, etc.). Esta acción puede tener lugar en un tiempo pasado, presente o futuro, o, incluso, en tiempos alternativos ajenos a la realidad conocida, y tener por escenario espacios físicos (reales o imaginarios, terrestres o extraterrestres) o el espacio interno de la mente. Los personajes son igualmente diversos: a partir del patrón natural humano, recorre y explota modelos antropomórficos hasta desembocar en la creación de entidades artificiales de forma humana (robot, androide, cíborg) o en criaturas no antropomórficas @es
definition: Sciencefiction (afgekort sf, scifi of essef, in het Engels als science fiction gespeld), is tegenwoordig een belangrijk genre dat vooral opgeld heeft gedaan in literatuur, stripverhalen, films, televisieseries, hoorspelen en computerspellen. Het Engelse "science fiction" betekent letterlijk vertaald "wetenschapsfictie", en dit is dan ook de betekenis die de bedenker van de term, Hugo Gernsback, eraan heeft willen geven. Voor Gernsback was de sciencefiction vooral bedoeld als een middel tot popularisatie van de wetenschap en van wetenschappelijke ontdekkingen, maar de geschiedenis ervan laat zien dat deze gedachte door latere schrijvers slechts beperkt is nagestreefd. In het genre worden tegenwoordig vooral toekomstbeelden met verzonnen technologische vooruitgang en wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingen gebruikt. @nl
derived from: Science fiction
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Refers to the form of fiction established in the 20th century, though notable precursors were established in the 19th century, in reaction to the growing controversy over the impact of science on society and individuals. Generally, the term encompasses fiction that deals with fantasy with dominant elements of plausibility and deals with future conceptions of society that include the informed extrapolation of scientific principles as a legitimizing and directional component. Prominent examples in this genre from the 19th century include Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818) and Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886); examples from the 20th century include works by Jules Verne, H.G. Wells, Hugo Gernsback, and Isaac Asimov. Later in the 20th century, the elements of science fiction appear in works by Kurt Vonnegut, C.S. Lewis, and Ray Bradbury, featuring future scenarios of human society and the possible consequences of space travel and extraterrestrial life. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Se refiere a la forma de ficción establecida en el siglo XX, no obstante precursores notables fueron establecidos en el siglo XIX, en reacción a la creciente controversia sobre el impacto de la ciencia en la sociedad e individuos. Generalmente, el término abarca a la ficción que trata con la fantasia con elementos dominantes de credibilidad y trata con concepciones futuras de la sociedad que incluye la extrapolación informada de principios científicos como un componente legitimador y direccional. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Verwijst naar een type fictie dat in de 20ste eeuw als zodanig bekend werd, hoewel er ook in de 19de eeuw al enkele voorlopers waren, als reactie op de toenemende controverse ten aanzien van de invloed van de wetenschap op de maatschappij en het individu. In het algemeen heeft de term betrekking op fictie met fantasie als basis, maar ook met plausibele elementen, en waarin toekomstbeelden van de maatschappij een rol spelen die tot stand zijn gekomen door het extrapoleren van wetenschappelijke principes. Belangrijke voorbeelden in dit genre uit de 19de eeuw zijn 'Frankenstein' van Mary Shelley (1818) en 'Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde' (1886) van Robert Louis Stevenson; voorbeelden uit de 20ste eeuw zijn werken van Jules Verne, H.G. Wells, Hugo Gernsback en Isaac Asimov. Later in de 20ste eeuw komen sciencefictionelementen voor in werken van Kurt Vonnegut, C.S. Lewis en Ray Bradbury, met toekomstscenario's voor de menselijke maatschappij en de mogelijke gevolgen van ruimtereizen en buitenaards leven. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: 於二十世紀成形的小說類型，雖然十九世紀已有著名的先驅，反應科學對社會和個人造成的衝擊及漸增的矛盾。整體而言，此詞彙包含處理有貌似真實幻想為優勢元素的小說，以及有關社會的未來概念，包括引介科學原則，合法化和方向性成份的推斷。此類型中主要的例子從十九世紀瑪莉••雪萊（Mary Shelley）的科學怪人（Frankenstein）(1818)，化身博士（Robert Louis Stevenson's Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde）(1886)；二十世紀，儒勒••凡爾納 （Jules Verne）, 赫伯特•喬治•威爾斯（H.G. Wells）, 雨果•詹斯貝克（Hugo Gernsback）, 以撒•艾西莫夫（Isaac Asimov）的作品；以及二十世紀晚期，庫爾特•馮內果 (Kurt Vonnegut), C•S•路易斯（C.S. Lewis）, 和 雷•布萊伯利（Ray Bradbury）的科幻小說，出現以人類未來社會、太空旅行可能造成的後果和外星生物為情節等特色。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055919
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: ION: See discussion under science fiction.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms s.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

SCIENTIFICWRITING
type: literary genre
label: scientific writing
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

SCRAPBOOK
type: literary genre
label: scrapbook
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

SENSATIONNOVEL
type: literary genre
label: sensation novel
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: The sensation novel was a literary genre of fiction popular in Great Britain in the 1860s and 1870s, following on from earlier melodramatic novels and the Newgate novels, which focused on tales woven around criminal biographies. It also drew on the gothic and romantic genres of fiction. The sensation novel's appearance notably follows the Industrial Revolution, which made books available on a mass scale for people of all social standings and increased the sensation novel's popularity. Sensation novels used both modes of romance and realism to the extreme where in the past they had traditionally been contradictory modes of literature. The sensation novelists commonly wrote stories that were allegorical and abstract; the abstract nature of the stories gave the authors room to explore scenarios that wrestled with the social anxieties of the Victorian Era. The loss of identity is seen in many sensation fiction stories because this was a common social anxiety; in Britain, there was an increased use in record keeping and therefore people questioned the meaning and permanence of identity. The social anxiety regarding identity is reflected in stories, such as, The Woman in White and Lady Audley's Secret. The genre of sensation fiction was established by the publications of the following novels The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins in 1859; East Lynne by Ellen Wood in 1861; Lady Audley's Secret by Mary Elizabeth Braddon in 1862. Perhaps the earliest use of the term, sensation fiction, as a name for such novels appears in the 1861 edition of the Saunders, Otley, & co.'s Literary Budget. The neo-Victorian novel of New Zealand author Eleanor Catton, The Luminaries, which won the 2013 Man Booker Prize, has been described as being heavily based on sensation literature, with its plot devices of "suspect wills and forged documents, secret marriages, illegitimacy and opium"
definition: Le roman à sensation est un genre littéraire né dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle en Grande-Bretagne. Ce genre littéraire est une évolution des romans mélodramatiques, qui utilisaient un ensemble de personnages stéréotypés, et des romans Newgate, qui avaient pour thème principal la vie de célèbres criminels. East Lynne de Ellen Wood's, paru en 1861, fut le premier roman à être étiqueté comme roman à sensation par la critique. Le courant comprend trois auteurs majeurs : Ellen Woods, Wilkie Collins (La Femme en blanc, 1859; La Pierre de lune, 1868) et Mary Elizabeth Braddon (Le secret de Lady Audley, 1862). Les romans à sensation avaient pour thèmes des sujets choquants comme l'adultère, le vol, l'enlèvement, la bigamie, la fabrication de fausse monnaie, la séduction et le meurtre. Le genre se distinguait des autres mouvements de l'époque, comme le mouvement Gothique, par l'utilisation de ces thèmes dans un contexte domestique, voire familial, allant ainsi à l'encontre de l'idée largement répandue à l'époque victorienne que les événements sensationnels étaient totalement étrangers à la vie confortable des classes moyennes qui composaient la plus grande partie du lectorat de l'époque. William S. Gilbert fit une satire du genre en 1871 avec son opéra comique A Sensation Novel. @fr
derived from: Sensation novel
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
broader transitive: NOVEL

SENTIMENTAL
type: literary genre
label: sentimental
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: The sentimental novel or the novel of sensibility is an 18th-century literary genre which celebrates the emotional and intellectual concepts of sentiment, sentimentalism, and sensibility. Sentimentalism, which is to be distinguished from sensibility, was a fashion in both poetry and prose fiction beginning in the eighteenth century in reaction to the rationalism of the Augustan Age. Sentimental novels relied on emotional response, both from their readers and characters. They feature scenes of distress and tenderness, and the plot is arranged to advance both emotions and actions. The result is a valorization of "fine feeling," displaying the characters as a model for refined, sensitive emotional effect. The ability to display feelings was thought to show character and experience, and to shape social life and relations.
definition: La novela sentimental es un subgénero literario histórico que se desarrolla entre el Prerrenacimiento del siglo XV y el Renacimiento de la primera mitad del siglo XVI. Se incluye dentro del género épico o narrativo y se compone en prosa con versos intercalados, a veces en forma epistolar; posee temática amorosa, frecuentemente dentro de las leyes del llamado amor cortés. @es
derived from: Sentimental novel
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms s.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

SEQUEL
type: literary genre
label: sequel
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: (from Latin sequi, to follow): A literary work complete in itself, but continuing the narrative of an earlier work. It is a new story that extends or develops characters and situations found in an earlier work. Two sequels following an original work (together) are called a trilogy. Three sequels following an original work together are called a tetralogy.Often sequels have a reputation for inferior artistry compared to the original publication since they are often hastily written from the desire to capitalize on earlier financial success. Examples include Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer Abroad, which is a sequel to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, and Alexandra Ripley's Scarlett, which is a sequel to Mitchell's Gone With the Wind. In the late twentieth century, it became common retroactively to write "prequels," a later book with the same geographic setting or characters, but which takes place in an earlier time.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms s.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

SERMON
type: literary genre
label: sermon
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A sermon is an oration, lecture, or talk by a member of a religious institution or clergy. Sermons address a Biblical, theological, religious, or moral topic, usually expounding on a type of belief, law or behavior within both past and present contexts. Elements of the sermon often include exposition, exhortation and practical application. In Christianity, a sermon (also known as a homily within some churches) is usually delivered in a place of worship from an elevated architectural feature, variously known as a pulpit, a lectern, or an ambo. The word "sermon" comes from a Middle English word which was derived from Old French, which in turn came from the Latin word sermō meaning "discourse". The word can mean "conversation", which could mean that early sermons were delivered in the form of question and answer, and that only later did it come to mean a monologue. However, the Bible contains many speeches without interlocution, which some take to be sermons: Moses in Deuteronomy 1-33 ; Jesus' sermon on the mount in Matthew 5-7 (though the gospel writers do not specifically call it a sermon; the popular descriptor for Christ's speech there came much later); Peter after Pentecost in Acts 2:14-40 (though this speech was delivered to nonbelievers and as such is not quite parallel to the popular definition of a sermon). In modern language, the word "sermon" is used in secular terms, pejoratively, to describe a lengthy or tedious speech delivered with great passion, by any person, to an uninterested audience. A sermonette is a short sermon (usually associated with television broadcasting, as stations would present a sermonette before signing off for the night).
definition: Le sermon est un discours de prédication prononcé dans des circonstances religieuses. @fr
definition: Predigt (lat. praedicatio), auf Englisch und Französisch sermon (von lat. sermo ‚Wechselrede, Gespräch; Vortrag) ist eine Rede mit religiösem Inhalt oder eine Rede im Kontext einer religiösen Feier. Die Predigt hat einen besonderen Stellenwert im Neuen Testament und im christlichen Gottesdienst. In der christlichen Theologie wird die Lehre von der Predigt als Homiletik bezeichnet. @de
definition: Se denomina sermón u homilía al género de la oratoria que consiste en un discurso de tema religioso, por lo general pronunciado durante el culto cristiano. El sermón se pronunciaba, en la primera liturgia cristiana, en latín, pero después, en vista de que el pueblo ya no entendía el latín culto, empezó a pronunciarse en lengua vernácula, mientras que el resto de la liturgia continuaba pronunciándose en latín. Algunos autores piensan que ese fue el origen de cierto transvase de voces, proverbios y cuentecillos cultos a la lengua vulgar, dando origen a buena parte de la literatura folclórica. El sermón podría ser dogmático, místico, ascético o parenético. Era dogmático si trataba de dogmas; los que explicaban los misterios, eran los sermones místicos; los que trataban sobre las prácticas religiosas, se denominaban ascéticos y los que versaban sobre cuestiones morales, parenéticos. Estos últimos se subdividían a su vez en homilías, pláticas y sermones propiamente dichos. También existe el fervorín (antes de comulgar), la oración fúnebre (glosando las virtudes de un difunto) y el panegírico (en honor de un santo). @es
definition: De preek of prediking is een belangrijk onderdeel van de eredienst in verschillende godsdiensten. De leer van het doordenken, maken en geven van een preek of homilie heet homiletiek. @nl
derived from: Sermon
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Religious discourses delivered as part of a church service, usually delivered from a pulpit, based upon a text of scripture, and with the purpose of giving religious instruction or exhortation. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Religiöser Vortrag, der als Teil eines Gottesdienstes in der Regel von einer Kanzel gehalten wird, als Grundlage dient ein Bibeltext; zum Zwecke der religiösen Unterweisung oder Ermahnung. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Religieuze voordrachten die deel uitmaken van een kerkdienst. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Discursos religiosos que forman parte de un servicio religioso. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 屬於教堂禮拜儀式之一部分的宗教性論述，通常根據一篇聖經經文寫成，在講道臺上宣講，目的在於提供宗教指引或告誡。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026669
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: See discussion under homily. SERMONDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms s.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

SEXUALAWAKENINGFICTION
type: literary genre
label: sexual awakening fiction
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

SHORTSTORY
type: literary genre
label: short story
label: nouvelle @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Relatively brief invented prose narratives.
definition: Betrekkelijk korte, verzonnen prozavertellingen. @nl
definition: Narraciones ficticias en prosa, relativamente breves. @es
definition: Verhältnismäßig kurze fiktionale Prosaerzählung. @de
definition: 篇幅相對較短的虛構性散文體記敘文。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300202607
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
derived from: Short story cycle
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Relatively brief invented prose narratives. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Verhältnismäßig kurze fiktionale Prosaerzählung. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Betrekkelijk korte, verzonnen prozavertellingen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Narraciones ficticias en prosa, relativamente breves. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 篇幅相對較短的虛構性散文體記敘文。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant

SILVERFORKNOVEL
type: literary genre
label: silverfork novel
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
broader transitive: NOVEL

SKETCH
type: literary genre
label: sketch
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Short literary compositions on single subjects, often presenting the personal view of the author.
definition: Breves composiciones literarias sobre temas específicos, a menudo presentando el punto de vista personal del autor. @es
definition: Korte literaire verhandelingen over één onderwerp, waarin de auteur dikwijls een persoonlijk standpunt verwoordt. @nl
definition: Kurzer literarischer Aufsatz über ein Einzelthema, gibt häufig die persönliche Meinung des Autors wieder. @de
definition: 單一主題的簡短文學作品，常表述作者之個人觀點。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026291
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

SKETCHBOOK
type: literary genre
label: sketch book
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Books or pads of blank sheets used or intended for sketching, which are informal or rough drawings. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Libros o blocs de hojas en blanco usadas o para ser usadas en bosquejos. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Boeken of blokken blanco papier die worden gebruikt of zijn bedoeld om op te schetsen. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300027354
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

SLAVENARRATIVE
type: literary genre
label: slave narrative
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

SOCIALSCIENCE
type: literary genre
label: social science
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

SONG
type: literary genre
label: song
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A lyric poem with a number of repeating stanzas (called refrains), written to be set to music in either vocal performance or with accompaniment of musical instruments. See dawn song and lyric, above and stanza, below.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms s.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

SONNET
type: literary genre
label: sonnet
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Poems consisting of 14 decasyllabic lines, often in a rhyming scheme. The sonnet form is considered to be of Italian origin, appearing in the 13th century in Sicily, after which it spread to Tuscany, where Petrarch perfected the form with his Canzioniere, a series of 317 sonnets to his idealized love, Laura. The Petrarchian sonnet has historically been the most widely used of the form, although the Elizabethan form (3 quatrains, with a final rhyming couplet) is also common.
definition: Gedicht, das aus 14 zehnsilbigen Verszeilen besteht, häufig mit Reimschema. Die Sonettform stammt vermutlich aus Italien, wo sie im 13. Jahrhundert in Sizilien aufkam und sich dann bis in die Toskana ausbreitete, wo Petrarca sie mit seinem Canzoniere perfektionierte, einer Sammlung aus 317 Sonetten, die an Laura, seine idealisierte Geliebte, gerichtet sind. Das petrarkische Sonett ist die historisch am weitesten verbreitete Form, obwohl die elisabethanische Form (3 Quartette mit einem Paarreim am Schluss) ebenfalls häufig anzutreffen ist. @de
definition: 由十四行十音節詩行所組成的詩，常押韻。十四行詩形式被認為源於義大利，13世紀於西西里島出現，爾後傳播至多斯加尼(或譯托斯卡尼)，佩脫拉克在此完成Canzioniere集，一系列共317首十四行詩，獻給其理想愛人蘿拉，將此一形式臻於完美。史上該形式最廣為使用佩脫拉克式十四行詩，但伊莉莎白式十四行詩（3段四行詩，加上最後押韻的對句）也很常見。 @zh-hant
definition: Gedicht van veertien regels met tien lettergrepen, vaak met een rijmschema. Men denkt dat het sonnet oorspronkelijk uit Italië komt. De eerste sonnetten verschenen in de dertiende eeuw op Sicilië. Daarna verspreidden ze zich naar Toscane, waar Petrarca de vorm perfectioneerde in zijn Canzioniere, een serie van 317 sonnetten voor zijn geïdealiseerde geliefde Laura. Het petrarkische sonnet is historisch gezien het meest gebruikte sonnet, hoewel het shakespearesonnet (drie kwatrijnen en twee slotregels met gepaard rijm) ook veel voorkomt. @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300266382
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: SONNET: See discussion under sonnet.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms s.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

SPEECH
type: literary genre
label: speech
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms s.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

TESTIMONY
type: literary genre
label: testimony
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Solemn declarations, written or verbal; usually made orally by a witness under oath in response to interrogation by a lawyer or authorized public official, then reduced to writing for the record. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Declaraciones solemnes, generalmente hechas oralmente por un testigo bajo juramento en respuesta al interrogatorio de un abogado o funcionario público autorizado, en su versión escrita. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Plechtige verklaringen, meestal mondeling afgelegd door een getuige onder ede als antwoord op een ondervraging door een advocaat of een gemachtigde functionaris en teruggebracht tot een geschreven stuk. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300027861
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

TEXTBOOK
type: literary genre
label: textbook
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Books used as standard works for the formal study of a particular subject. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Buch, das für das Studium eines bestimmten Themas als Standardwerk gilt. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Boeken die bij uitstek worden gebruikt bij de studie van een bepaald onderwerp of een bepaalde wetenschap. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
definition: Libros usados como obras oficiales para el estudio formal de alguna materia en particular. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: 某特定學科之正規標準學習用書籍。 Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026384
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.

THEATREOFCRUELTY
type: literary genre
label: theatre of cruelty
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

THEATREOFTHEABSURD
type: literary genre
label: theatre of the absurd
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

THEOLOGY
type: literary genre
label: theology
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

THESAURUS
type: literary genre
label: thesaurus
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

THRILLER
type: literary genre
label: thriller
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

TOPOGRAPHICALPOETRY
type: literary genre
label: topographical poetry
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Topographical poetry or loco-descriptive poetry is a genre of poetry that describes, and often praises, a landscape or place. John Denham's 1642 poem "Cooper's Hill" established the genre, which peaked in popularity in 18th-century England. Examples of topographical verse date, however, to the late classical period, and can be found throughout the medieval era and during the Renaissance. Though the earliest examples come mostly from continental Europe, the topographical poetry in the tradition originating with Denham concerns itself with the classics, and many of the various types of topographical verse, such as river, ruin, or hilltop poems were established by the early 17th century. Alexander Pope's "Windsor Forest" (1713) and John Dyer's "Grongar Hill' (1762) are two other oft-mentioned examples. More recently, Matthew Arnold's "The Scholar Gipsy" (1853) praises the Oxfordshire countryside, and W. H. Auden's "In Praise of Limestone" (1948) uses a limestone landscape as an allegory. Subgenres of topographical poetry include the country house poem, written in 17th-century England to compliment a wealthy patron, and the prospect poem, describing the view from a distance or a temporal view into the future, with the sense of opportunity or expectation. When understood broadly as landscape poetry and when assessed from its establishment to the present, topographical poetry can take on many formal situations and types of places. Kenneth Baker identifies 37 varieties and compiles poems from the 16th through the 20th centuries—from Edmund Spenser to Sylvia Plath—correspondent to each type, from "Walks and Surveys," to "Mountains, Hills, and the View from Above," to "Violation of Nature and the Landscape," to "Spirits and Ghosts." Common aesthetic registers of which topographical poetry make use include pastoral imagery, the sublime, and the picturesque. These latter two registers subsume imagery of rivers, ruins, moonlight, birdsong, and clouds, peasants, mountains, caves…
derived from: Topographical poetry
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
broader transitive: POETRY

TRACTPAMPHLET
type: literary genre
label: tract pamphlet
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

TRAGEDY
type: literary genre
label: tragedy
label: tragédie @fr
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Literary works of serious and dignified character that reach disastrous or sorrowful conclusions.
definition: Literaire werken met een ernstig en plechtig karakter die toewerken naar een rampzalig of droevig slot. @nl
definition: Trabajos literarios de carácter serio y solemne que terminan en desenlaces funestos o lamentables. @es
definition: Literarisches Werk mit ernstem und würdevollem Charakter, das katastrophal oder unglücklich endet. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300201026
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: La tragédie est un genre théâtral dont l’origine remonte au théâtre grec antique. Contrairement à la comédie, elle met en scène des personnages de rangs élevés et se dénoue très souvent par la mort d’un ou de plusieurs personnages.Elle a un rôle cathartique (prévenir les gens de ne pas faire le Mal en suscitant terreur et pitié). @fr
derived from: Tragedy
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Genre usually found in literature and in theatre that evokes a serious examination of human events such as birth, death, decay, obsolescence, disaster, love, marriage, and family encountered by individuals or groups. Originating in ancient Greece, the genre developed in a strict format featuring a chorus, a heroic character, myths, and pontification of universal morals or themes. Historically, the criterion of what is tragic has changed, with the idea of psychological corruption, disillusionment, isolation, and individual accountability defining tragedy in the 19th and 20th centuries. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Género usualmente encontrado en literatura y en teatro que evoca un exámen serio de eventos humanos tales como nacimiento, muerte, descomposición, obsolecencia, desatres, amor, matrimonio y familia encontrados por individuos o grupos. Originado en la Grecia antigua, el género desarrollado en un formato estricto presentando un coro, un personaje heroico, mitos y dogmatismo de moral y temas universales. Históricamente, el criterio de que es trágico ha cambiado, con la idea de corrupción psicológica aislamiento, y responsabilidad individual que define tragedia en los siglos XIX y XX. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Genre dat doorgaans te vinden is in de literatuur en in het theater. Menselijke gebeurtenissen, zoals geboorte, dood, aftakeling, veroudering, rampspoed, liefde, huwelijk en familie, waarmee individuen en groepen te maken krijgen, worden op serieuze wijze behandeld. Het genre, dat zijn oorsprong vindt in het oude Griekenland, ontwikkelde zich in een strakke vorm, met een koor, een heroïsch personage en mythen, waarbij de nadruk zwaar op universele ethiek of thema's lag. In de loop der tijd is het criterium voor wat een tragedie is, veranderd. In de 19de en 20ste eeuw wordt een tragedie gekenmerkt door psychologische corruptie, ontgoocheling, isolatie en persoonlijke verantwoordelijkheid. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300055916
definition: A serious play in which the chief character, by some peculiarity of psychology, passes through a series of misfortunes leading to a final, devastating catastrophe. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragedy. He writes in his Poetics (c. 350 BCE): "Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; . . . through pity [eleos] and fear [phobos] effecting the proper purgation [catharsis] of these emotions" (Book 6.2). Traditionally, a tragedy is divided into five acts. The first act introduces the characters in a state of happiness, or at the height of their power, influence, or fame. The second act typically introduces a problem or dilemma, which reaches a point of crisis in the third act, but which can still be successfully averted. In the fourth act, the main characters fail to avert or avoid the impending crisis or catastrophe, and this disaster occurs. The fifth act traditionally reveals the grim consequences of that failure. See also hamartia, hubris, anagnorisis, peripeteia, Senecan tragedy, and catharsis. Click the following links to download a handout discussing medieval tragedy, some general thoughts about tragedy, or a comparison of comedy and tragedy.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms t.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

TRAGICOMEDY
type: literary genre
label: tragicomedy
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Tragicomedy is a literary genre that blends aspects of both tragic and comic forms. Most often seen in dramatic literature, the term can variously describe either a tragic play which contains enough comic elements to lighten the overall mood or a serious play with a happy ending.
definition: La tragi-comédie est une forme théâtrale caractérisée par une action romanesque, des personnages de haute extraction, un dénouement heureux et un refus des règles de la tragédie. Le terme est apparu en France chez le dramaturge Robert Garnier vers la fin du XVIe siècle, orthographié tragecomedie ; le terme nous vient de Plaute, qui désigne son Amphitryon comme une "tragi-comoedia" (au vers 59). Ce genre a connu un très grand succès en France dans les années 1630-1640. Il est assez difficile de définir les limites de la tragi-comédie à cette époque parce que les auteurs revendiquaient le refus de toute règle. On pouvait alors voir dans la tragi-comédie une sorte de tragédie à fin heureuse parce que la tragédie n'était définie que par son personnel noble et mythologique. Dans les années 1640, les partisans d'un théâtre beaucoup plus normé prennent de plus en plus d'importance et la tragédie répondant aux règles classiques prend le dessus sur la tragi-comédie. Le cas du Le Cid de Corneille est un exemple intéressant à cet égard car il a été publié en 1637 en tant que tragi-comédie et requalifié en tragédie dès 1648 alors que Corneille n'avait pas encore effectué de modification majeure de la pièce. On peut donc considérer que ce n'est pas la pièce mais la perception qu'on avait des différents genres théâtraux qui a évolué entre ces deux dates. En effet, l'intrigue du Cid comporte de nombreux éléments caractéristiques d'une tragi-comédie : il raconte une histoire d'amour dans laquelle un obstacle empêche à un moment donné la réunion des deux amants. À la fin de la pièce, cet obstacle sera levé et le dénouement sera heureux et nuptial ce qui est à l'époque une caractéristique des comédies et des tragi-comédies. La Querelle du Cid aura contribué à fixer les règles de la tragédie même si Le Cid conserve ses caractéristiques à savoir l'accumulation des événements , les coups de théâtre, les changements de décor successif et le dénouement heureux. On a beaucoup reproché à Co… @fr
definition: Eine Tragikomödie beschreibt ein Drama in der Literatur und im Theater, in dem die Merkmale der Tragödie wie auch der Komödie eng miteinander verknüpft sind. Im weiteren Sinne bezeichnet der Begriff eine Tragödie, welche neben den tragischen auch komische Bestandteile enthält, wie z. B. die alten spanischen und englischen Tragödien. @de
definition: Una tragicomedia es una gran obra dramática en la que se mezclan los elementos trágicos y cómicos, aunque también hay lugar para el sarcasmo y parodia. También se le conoce como pieza, porque se parece a dicho concepto; generalmente en estos están sintetizadas las características de una clase social, por lo que también se le denomina género psicológico. Una pieza es una obra literaria del tipo realista, en donde la situación y los personajes están claramente presentados. Si bien en lo que se relata y expone hay cambios inesperados, ellos son lógicos y explicables, y el suspenso va en continuo aumento, llegando por momentos a clímax con intensas emociones. La resolución o conclusión de la obra es consecuencia de los actos y de las situaciones planteadas con bastante claridad y sin ambigüedades, donde los actos de los personajes son verosímiles. En la Grecia clásica, el drama satírico o la tragicomedia suele tratar un tema legendario, aunque con efectos cómicos protagonizados, fundamentalmente, por el coro. Los dioses no intervienen en la muerte de los hombres y puede haber más de una acción al mismo tiempo. La tragicomedia principalmente va a mostrar la trayectoria del héroe tragicómico, que tiene un objetivo que perseguir (el amor, la justicia, la ambición, un trono, etc) y de cómo éste lo consigue o no pasando por una serie de obstáculos para llegar a su fin. Si los obstáculos se presentan como positivos, es decir que parece que lo acercan cada vez más a su objetivo, más que obstáculos son como pruebas superadas. Por su parte el final será negativo, si los obstáculos son negativos, y parece que le impiden llegar a su objetivo, aunque por lo general el final será positivo y aunque sea a último minuto alcanzará su objetivo. Su creador fue Lope de Vega cuando rompió las estructuras del teatro aristotélico. Lope se negaba a obedecer las unidades, y entonces creó la tragicomedia. @es
definition: Een tragikomedie is een dramavorm die zowel in het theater als in zijn afgeleide, de film, een vermenging hanteert van tragische en komische verhaalelementen. Eén van de eerste auteurs die deze mengvorm beheersten, was Plautus, zo ongeveer in 210 v.Chr., met zijn stuk Amphitruo, dat in de 17e eeuw Molière inspireerde tot het schrijven van zijn Amphitrion (1668). De samenstelling tragikomedie geeft aan dat komedie de hoofdbedoeling is, maar dat er enkele tragische gegevens doorheen lopen. Het begrip is pas tegen het einde van de 16e eeuw echt doorgebroken. De theoreticus van dienst is een zekere Italiaan Battista Guarini met zijn verhandelingen die gebundeld zijn als Compendio della poesia tragicomica (1601). Rond dezelfde tijd vinden we in Shakespeares drama's een hele variëteit clowneske figuren terug: de clown is de tragikomische mens bij uitstek. Een typisch voorbeeld is Le Cid van Pierre Corneille. Enkele van de nevenpersonages sterven hierin, maar voor de twee hoofdpersonages kent het verhaal een gunstige afloop. Aangezien de combinatie tragiek en komedie ook scherp wordt aangevoeld door auteurs die ironie, satire en cynisme gepast kunnen hanteren, vind je in het absurde theater van Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco en Harold Pinter ook veel tragikomische situaties en personages. In de film denke men aan Charlie Chaplin, de hoofdfiguur in zijn eigen stomme films. @nl
derived from: Tragicomedy
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: A experimental literary work--either a play or prose piece of fiction--containing elements common to both comedies and tragedies. The genre is marked by characters of both high and low degree, even though classical drama required upper-class characters for tragedy and lower-class characters for comedy. Tragicomedies were of some interest in the Renaissance, but some modern dramas might be considered examples as well. Typically, the early stages of the play resembled those of a tragedy, but an abrupt reversal of circumstance prevent the tragedy.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms t.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

TRANSLATION
type: literary genre
label: translation
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Translated versions of a text.
definition: Versiones traducidas de un texto. @es
definition: Vertaalde versies van een tekst. @nl
definition: Übersetzte Version eines Textes. @de
definition: 一文本之翻譯版本。 @zh-hant
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300027389
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: The act of conveying the meaning of words in one language by attempting to say the same thing in another language, as opposed to paraphrasing, summarizing, and transliteration.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms t.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

TRAVELWRITING
type: literary genre
label: travel writing
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept

TREATISE
type: literary genre
label: treatise
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: Formal and systematic written expositions of the principles of a subject, generally longer and more detailed than essays.
definition: Exposiciones escritas, formales y sistemáticas de las ideas fundamentales de un tema, generalmente más largas y más detalladas que los ensayos. @es
definition: Schriftelijke documenten waarin een bepaald onderwerp volgens een erkende methode systematisch wordt behandeld. Over het algemeen zijn verhandelingen langer en meer gedetailleerd dan essays. @nl
definition: Formale und systematische schriftliche Darstellung der Grundgedanken zu einem Thema, im Allgemeinen länger und detaillierter als Essays. @de
derived from: http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026681
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from the Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus.
definition: Un traité est un manuel d'instructions ou un livre standard dans n'importe quelle branche qui forme un sujet d'études. Ils se différencient les uns des autres, aussi bien par le public ciblé que par le sujet abordé. Les traités sont habituellement édités par des imprimeurs spécialisés, dans le but de répondre aux besoins de formation, sur n'importe quel thème susceptible de faire l'objet d'un enseignement. Il s'agit d'un important commerce qui nécessite des ventes massives, afin de rendre ces publications rentables. Bien que la plupart des traités soient uniquement édités sous forme de livres reliés, certains sont désormais consultables sur internet. Les traités sont apparus avec le développement de l'imprimerie de Johannes Gutenberg, sous la forme de méthodes d'enseignement. @fr
derived from: Treatise
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: Formal and systematic written expositions of the principles of a subject, generally longer and more detailed than essays. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus
definition: Formale und systematische schriftliche Darstellung der Grundgedanken zu einem Thema, im Allgemeinen länger und detaillierter als Essays. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @de
definition: Exposiciones escritas, formales y sistemáticas de las ideas fundamentales de un tema, generalmente más largas y más detalladas que los ensayos. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @es
definition: Schriftelijke documenten waarin een bepaald onderwerp volgens een erkende methode systematisch wordt behandeld. Over het algemeen zijn verhandelingen langer en meer gedetailleerd dan essays. Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus @nl

UTOPIA
type: literary genre
label: utopia
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: An imaginary place or government in which political and social perfection has been reached in the material world as opposed to some spiritual afterlife as discussed in the Christian Bible or the Elysian fields of The Odyssey. The citizens of such utopias are typically universally clean, virtuous, healthy, and happy, or at least those who are criminals are always captured and appropriately punished. A utopian society is one that has cured all social ills. See discussion under Utopian literature, below. Contrast with dystopia. UTOPIANDr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms u.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

VERSENOVEL
type: literary genre
label: verse novel
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A verse novel is a type of narrative poetry in which a novel-length narrative is told through the medium of poetry rather than prose. Either simple or complex stanzaic verse-forms may be used, but there will usually be a large cast, multiple voices, dialogue, narration, description, and action in a novelistic manner.
definition: Der Versroman ist eine als Roman geschriebene Erzählung in Vers­form; in erster Linie der Ritterroman der höfischen Dichtung des Mittelalters. Dazu zählen beispielsweise: @de
derived from: Verse novel
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
broader transitive: NOVEL

VIGNETTE
type: literary genre
label: vignette
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: In theatrical script writing, sketch stories, and poetry, a vignette is a short impressionistic scene that focuses on one moment or gives a trenchant impression about a character, idea, setting, or object.[citation needed] This type of scene is more common in recent postmodern theater, where less emphasis is placed on adhering to the conventions of theatrical structure and story development. Vignettes have been particularly influenced by contemporary notions of a scene as shown in film, video and television scripting. It is also a part of something bigger than itself: for example, a vignette about a house belonging to a collection of vignettes or a whole story, such as The House On Mango Street, by Sandra Cisneros. A blog can provide a form of vignette.
definition: In proza en poëzie is een vignet een kort, impressionistisch tafereel dat een beeld schetst van een bepaald moment en een bepaalde plaats. Typisch is het de bedoeling om een scherp beeld van een personage, een idee, of een omgeving te geven. Dit type scène komt vaker voor bij het recente postmoderne theater, dat de naleving van de conventies en structuur van een verhaal ter discussie stelt. De manier waarop een scène wordt weergegeven is duidelijk beïnvloed door de hedendaagse snelle beeldcultuur van film, video en televisie. @nl
derived from: Vignette (literature)
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from DBpedia.
definition: French, "little vine"): A short composition showing considerable skill, especially such a composition designed with little or no plot or larger narrative structure. Often vignettes are descriptive or evocative in their nature. An example would be the brief narratives appearing in Sandra Cisneros's short-stories. More loosely, vignettes might be descriptive passages within a larger work, such as Virginia Woolf's "Kew Gardens," or Faulkner's descriptions of horses and landscapes in The Hamlet. The term vignette ("little vine") originally comes from a decorative device appearing on a title page or at the beginnings and ends of chapters. Conventionally, nineteenth-century printers depicted small looping vines here loosely reminiscent of the vinework in medieval manuscripts.Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms v.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

VILLANELLE
type: literary genre
label: villanelle
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept
definition: A versatile genre of poetry consisting of nineteen lines--five tercets and a concluding quatrain. The form requires that whole lines be repeated in a specific order, and that only two rhyming sounds occur in the course of the poem. A number of English poets, including Oscar Wilde, W. E. Henley, and W. H. Auden have experimented with it. Here is an example of an opening stanza to one poem by W. E. Henley: Probably the most famous English villanelle is Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night."Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University
derived from: lit terms v.html
comment: This term and its description was created from data gathered from Dr. L. Kip Wheeler of Carson-Newman University.

YOUNGADULTWRITING
type: literary genre
label: young adult writing
in dataset: The CWRC Ontology
in scheme: literary genre
type: Concept